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Notes throughout the semester for finance class
Typology: Study notes
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● Bids : buyer ● Ask: seller ○ = trade
● price-what to pay ● pay value what's it's worth
● Long position: owner ● Short position : owe ● The reality of finance is to look backwards from today to past
● Interva l- from today to whatever time ○ How much time between the beginning to end ● Beginning value - open ● Ending value - close ● OCHL (open, close, high, low) - looking at the interval chart using the candle method ○ How low and high it goes: prices going up (increases- green candle) OR ○ How high and low it goes: prices going down (increases- red candle) ● Bollinger bands -Trading range of stocks ● Market Capitalization - how much the company or equity is worth ○ Prices * # of shares ● Private company- not shared to the public only with private companies ● Public company- shared and sell to the public ○ GAAP - General accounting accepting principle ■ Balance sheet ● Take a picture on the last day and report ● Asset (own) ○ Cash always come first ○ Account receivable ○ Inventory ○ Equipment (tangible) ○ Intangible- goodwill, trape ● Liability (owe) ○ Taxes ○ Payroll ○ Accounts payable ○ Debt- bank, short and long term debt (bonds) ○ Equity is the last thing to determine how much we owe ● A = A +L ■ Income statement requirement ● Beginning to end
○ Sales (revenue) - cost of goods (everything to have to make whatever you make) % sales ○ Selling, general, admin (SGA) ○ Gross profit (ebitda) e arning, b efore, i nterest, t ax d epreciation, a mortization ■ Interest ■ Taxes ■ Net income= profit ● What the owner company earn that are 100% earned by equity ○ Dividend- pay back the shareholders ■ Common equity- have to treat everyone in common ○ Retained earnings- invest ■ Statement of cash flow ● Have to do this quarterly or annually ● Sarbannes Oxley - corporate frauds
January 23, 2023 ● Required return = < expectation return- making an investment ● Present value = $ today: the beginning of the first period ● Lump sum= paying someone in the future
PV0: FVn = 1/ (1+r) n
● Risk-free ○ Risking nothing ● Risk premium ○ Extra return I need to risk ● The rate is the rate per period ● M = periodicity ○ How many payment method per year ○ M =1 year: Annually ○ M = 2 Semi ○ M =4 Quarterly ○ M = 12: Monthly ● APR= Annual percentage rate ● EAR = effective annualized return (1+r) ^M -1- Compound interest ● Excess value Fair present value - price ● Excess return = expectation (for return) - Ri ○ Returning incapacitated for retained earning
January 25, 2023 ● Future value of annuity is zero ● Annuity- present value of sum in payment