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TERM 1
Steps to the Lewis Dot Structure
DEFINITION 1
- Calculate the total # of electrons. Grouped by family. 2. Draw a skeletal structure. 3. Subtract e- used from total 4. Place dots around the outer elements 5. Subtract from the total electrons 6. If you run into a problem, think multiple bonds. 7. For shape look only at central atom. TERM 2
Two Theories to Explain Chemical Bonding
DEFINITION 2 Valence Bond Theory Molecular Orbital Theory TERM 3
Valence Bond Theory
DEFINITION 3 uses subatomic orbitals Bond forms when atomic suborbitals overlap. TERM 4
Two Types of Bonds
DEFINITION 4 1.) Sigma Bond-Sharing electrons along the bond axis (shorter, stronger, and the first to form) 2.) Pi Bond- Sharing electrons above and below the bond axis (longer, weaker, and form later) *Anytime there is a multiple bond the first is a sigma and the second is pi. TERM 5
Phase Changes
DEFINITION 5 1.) Melting - S > L 2.) Freezing - L > S 3.) Boiling - L > G 4.) Condensation - G > L 5.) Sublimation - S > G 6.) Deposition - G > S
TERM 6
Clausius-Clapeyron
DEFINITION 6 Relates the vapor pressure above a liquid to temperature TERM 7
Intermolecular Forces
DEFINITION 7 Forces between molecules 1.) Hydrogen Bonding- involves Hydrogen that is intramolecular bonded to a very electronegative element, then the H is attracted to the lone pair of e- on another electronegative element. 2.) Dipole-Dipole Interaction- just like Hydrogen bonding except with other elements (no large difference in EN) 3.) London Force - 1st discovered in Noble Gases. When electrons happen to form to one side causing a slight negative charge to one side. TERM 8
vapor pressure
DEFINITION 8 the partial pressure of the vapor over the liquid measured at equilibrium at a given temperature TERM 9
van der Waals forces
DEFINITION 9 a general term for those intermolecular forces that include dipole-dipole and London forces TERM 10
Molarity Molality
Normality
DEFINITION 10 M= moles solute/Liter soln Molality- moles/ Kg solvent Normality- used to express concentration of acids or bases equivalent weights/L
