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Disruptive (Diversifying) Selection
used to describe changes in population genetics that simultaneously favor individuals at both extremes of the distribution. When disruptive selection operates, individuals at the extremes contribute more offspring than those in the center, producing two peaks in the distribution of a particular trait. TERM 2
Ambulocetus
DEFINITION 2 Ambulocetus (or the "'walking whale'") was an early cetacean from Pakistan that could walk as well as swim. TERM 3
Bottleneck Effect
DEFINITION 3 population dies down, prevented from reproducing; increases genetic drift, inbreeding TERM 4
Founder Effect
DEFINITION 4 In population genetics, the founder effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population.. leads to speciation TERM 5
Homology
DEFINITION 5 refers to any similarity between characteristics of organisms that is due to their shared ancestry.
Charles Darwin
related to Wedgwood family, HMS Beagle, concepcion visit following earthquake (the Andes and perhaps other mountain systems have been raised above sea level by geological forces), galapagos islands, married Emma Wedgwood TERM 7
Who did Darwin receive a manuscript from
that had similar ideas he had discovered?
What did he do?
DEFINITION 7 A.R. Wallace, Hooker and Lyell compromise: Publish Darwin's and Wallace's work to benefit Darwin.. Darwin was thought to be a plagiarist by many, (Wilberforce, Own, Jenkin, Usher and Kelvin) TERM 8
Charles Lyell (1797 -1825)
DEFINITION 8 mentor and friend of Darwin, principles of geology, plutonism (result of volcanic activity) vs. neptunism (result of flood) TERM 9
Malthus
DEFINITION 9 population grows faster than food TERM 10
Richard Owen
DEFINITION 10 coined term dinosaur and created the museum of natural history. He tried to get Hooker fired
Asymmetries of Sexual Selection involving
parental investment
In orangutans for example: male donates a few grams of semen and 15 minutes, the female gives birth to a 1- kilogram infant and invests 8 years. TERM 17
Intrasexual Selection
DEFINITION 17 competition for mates TERM 18
Mutation
DEFINITION 18 Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of a cell's genome and are caused by radiation, viruses, transposons and mutagenic chemicals, as well as errors that occur during meiosis or DNA replication. TERM 19
Gene Flow
DEFINITION 19 In population genetics, gene flow (also known as gene migration) is the transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another. TERM 20
Sources of Variation
DEFINITION 20 mutation and sexual recombination
biological species
defined by the reproductive cohesion of the population and isolation from other populations TERM 22
Allopatric Population
DEFINITION 22 have become geographically "isolated" from the parent population TERM 23
Sympatric Population
DEFINITION 23 species become genetically isolated but share a geographic range TERM 24
Autopolyploidy
DEFINITION 24 polyploids with multiple chromosome sets derived from a single species TERM 25
Allopolyploidy
DEFINITION 25 polyploids with chromosomes derived from different species.
Permian-Triassic Extinction
245-250 MYA, largest extinction TERM 32
Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction
DEFINITION 32 65 MYA, extinction of dinosaurs TERM 33
Theories for cause of C-T extinction
DEFINITION 33 in Yukatan, Mexico - 10 km diameter, tsunami in gulf of Mexico, reduction in photosynthesis due to dust? TERM 34
Monophyly
DEFINITION 34 In common cladistic usage, a monophyletic group is a taxon (group of organisms) which forms a clade, meaning that it consists of an ancestor and all its descendants. TERM 35
Apomorphy
DEFINITION 35 characteristic which is believed to have evolved within the tree. All tetrapods have four limbs; thus, having four limbs is an apomorphy for vertebrates
Plesiomorphy
characteristic that is present at the base of the tree. TERM 37
Chemoheterotrophy
DEFINITION 37 Carbon source: Organic Carbon Energy: Oxidation TERM 38
Chemoautotrophy
DEFINITION 38 carbon source: CO2 energy: oxidation TERM 39
Photoautotrophs
DEFINITION 39 Carbon source: CO2 energy: light TERM 40
Photoheterotrophs
DEFINITION 40 Carbon source: Organic Carbon Energy: light
Malthusian Catastrophe
A Malthusian catastrophe (also called a Malthusian check, crisis, disaster, or nightmare) was originally foreseen to be a forced return to subsistence-level conditions once population growth had outpaced agricultural production. (food) TERM 47
Catastrophism
DEFINITION 47 Catastrophism is the idea that Earth has been affected in the past by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope. TERM 48
guard cells
DEFINITION 48 a specialized cell on the undersurface of leaves for controlling gas exchange and water loss. Guard cells occur in pairs and are shaped so that a pore, or stomata, exists between them. They can change shape with the result that the pore disappears. During warm weather, when a plant is in danger of losing excessive water, the guard cells close, cutting down evaporation from the interior of the leaf. TERM 49
ABA (abscisic
acid)
DEFINITION 49 stress hormone in plants responsible for stomatal closure and maintaining seed dormancy/suppress germination TERM 50
chlorophyll a
DEFINITION 50 Chlorophyll a is mainly used in light reactions used in photosynthesis
chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b helps in photosynthesis by absorbing light energy and it is more soluble than chlorophyll a because of its carbonyl group. occurs only in green algae and the plants TERM 52
chlorophyll c
DEFINITION 52 found only in the photosynthetic members of the Chromista as well as the dinoflagellates TERM 53
chlorophyll d
DEFINITION 53 found in cyanobacteria, red algae TERM 54
Francis Darwin
DEFINITION 54 son of Charles Darwin that worked on phototropism/coleoptiles - found that coleoptiles with foil hats didn't bend toward light, neither did transluscent lights, therefore bending only occurred if light was received by the tip TERM 55
phototropism
DEFINITION 55 directional growth in which the direction of growth is determined by the direction of the light source. In other words, it is the growth and response to a light stimulus.
Spore mother cell
A cell that undergoes meiosis and usually produces four spores. TERM 62
C3 (calvin cycle)
DEFINITION 62 CO2 in, glucose out; NADPH -> NADP+, ATP -> ADP. Photoautotrophy, reducing power/chemical energy; TERM 63
Dilemma of C3 Cycle
DEFINITION 63 (1) CO2 enters via stomata (2) H2O leaves via stomata [when H2O becomes limiting, guard cells lose turgor and stomata closes which stops h2o loss, so CO2 uptake declines.] (3) O2 competes w/ CO2 for RUBISCO [O2 gets RUBISCO -> no sugar -> photorespiration - plant invests more energy than it has] consequence of all 3: photosynthesis shuts down during water stress, which causes photorespiration. Problem with plants in tropic or arid regions, and algae (dissolved CO2 is low relative to atmosphere levels) TERM 64
C
DEFINITION 64 hatch-slack pathway, in mesophyll below bundle sheath; PEP carboxylase -> take up carbon -> OAA -> Malate; not as much O2 is produced so there is less competition TERM 65
RUBISCO
DEFINITION 65 Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase, most commonly known by the shorter name RuBisCO
CAM
temporal separation of C uptake and Calvin cycle; takes place in mesophyll or bundle sheath; CO2 -> organic acid (stored) -> stomata closes (day) -> CO2 -> Calvin cycle -> sucrose -> into vascular tissue -might come from C4, stomata is closed during day and poen during night TERM 67
CCM
DEFINITION 67 Multiple C fixation pathways; chlamydomonas, carbonic anhydrase - recognizes HCO3 as a substrate; CO2 or HCO3 -> CO2 -> calvin cycle TERM 68
PEP
carboxylase
DEFINITION 68 In succulent CAM plants: PEP fixes CO2 during the night when the plant opens its stomata to allow for gas exchange. During the day time, the plant closes the stomata to preserve water and releases CO2 inside the leaf from the storage compounds produced during the night. This allows the plants to thrive in dry climates [C plants]: PEP fixes CO2 in the mesophyll cells of the leaf and malate is shuttled into the bundle sheath cells where it releases CO2 for fixation by RuBisCO. TERM 69
carbonic ahydrase
DEFINITION 69 recognizes HCO3 as a substrate in CCM plants TERM 70
Autogenous model
DEFINITION 70 a model for the origin of eukaryotes, evolution of the cell problems: doesn't account for circular DNA in chloroplast and mitochondria, or for different ribosomes (70s in chloroplasts vs. 80s in cytoplasm
monocot root
epidermis, cortex, vascular cylender, have parenchyma and a prominent endodermis - pericycle, alternating ring of xylem and phloem; ground meristem -> PITH!! TERM 77
root cross section(5)
DEFINITION 77 apical meristem - bottom of root, growing pt. root cap: outer layer of root epidermal tissue (protoderm ground tissue (ground meristem) - endoderm and cortex vascular tissue (procambium) - vasc cylinder, parenchyma, xylem, phloem, pericycle TERM 78
dicot stem
DEFINITION 78 vascular bundles arranged in ring (eustele) PITH (S|P|X) TERM 79
monocot stem
DEFINITION 79 scattered bundles, no identifiable pith, bundles look like face: phloem is forehead TERM 80
secondary growth
DEFINITION 80 DICOTS ONLY! vascular cambium: to inside, xylem (wood) - outside, phloem (bark) - more xylem produced than phloem: adding internal growth is aproblem: corky meristem supplements tissued to the outside
Xylem
tracheids and veins, transports water, dead @ maturity, primary and secondary wall TERM 82
tracheids vs. vessels
DEFINITION 82 tracheids - smaller, elongated, pores in walls vessels - wider, high volume movement, but perceptibile to injury (and not in conifers) TERM 83
parenchyma
DEFINITION 83 basic tissue, all cells start as this TERM 84
collenchyma
DEFINITION 84 cellulose cell wal is augmented (thickened) - structural/flexible support because it can expand (cellulose layer is primary cell wall) TERM 85
sclerenchyma
DEFINITION 85 (sclereids and fibers) thick walled, primary and secondary, cell is dead @ maturity, rigid/strong support (cannot grow or expand); squarish roundish cells
cyanobacteria
blue green algae, big cells, phycobolins, anabaena and anatoxin TERM 92
anatoxin path
DEFINITION 92
- bicyclic alkaloid 2. potent neurotoxin 3. mimic acetylcholine 4. irreversible binds to NAChR - sodium channel opens, stays open , paralysis TERM 93
Euglenozoa
DEFINITION 93 flagellate protist, kinetoplastid (zooflagellate), trypanasoma: kinetoplast, unicellular, Chagas disease, african sleeping sicknes, CRYSTALLINE ROD IN FLAGELLUM 2 anterior flagella, pantonematic TERM 94
Dinoflagellates
DEFINITION 94 alveolates, Pfiestera - chloro a&c, alpha 1,4, cellulose, toxic strain some are bioluminescent, 2 lateral flagella pantonematic TERM 95
Apicomplexa
DEFINITION 95 alveolates, SPOROZOANS, no flagella, Plasmodium - unicellular, two hosts (malaria) sporocyte -> liver -> red blood cells -> EXPLODE
Ciliates
alveolates, paramecium - trichocysts: defense of cell or foraging - needle like thread sent out dikaryotic : macro & micro nucleus TERM 97
Oomycata
DEFINITION 97 water, molds, STRAMENOPHILE Achlya: flagellated, filaments, cellulose AND chitin, parasite to plants, beta 13, fungi like (CHITIN!!) 1 pantonematic one acronematic TERM 98
zoospore
DEFINITION 98 motile spore TERM 99
bacillariophyta
DEFINITION 99 diatoms, stramenophiles BROWN stephanodiscus - disc shape, spines, hole in walls SILICA WALLS!!, flagellated gametes (apical male gamete pantonematic) Navicula: chloro a&c, beta 13, silica, gliding motility, flagellated gametes TERM 100
Phacophyta
DEFINITION 100 BROWN ALGAE! stramenophile laminaria: chloro a&c, alternation of gen,!!, cellulose, beta 1,3, flagellated (2 lateral panto & acro)
