FNDH 400 Nutrition Exam Prep: Key Concepts & Answers, Exams of Metabolic Nutrition

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FNDH 400 Final Preparation Exams 2025- 2026 Success Guide

PRU - CORRECT ANSWER-In individuals with PKU, phenylalanine can’t be converted to se of the mulation in phenylalanine hy droxyla: tyrosine is conditionally essential DIASS V PCDAAS - CORR pattern, and is truncated ER-The fructose in sucrose is bonded to froe alrcady. linoleic acid v. alpha-Linoleic acid -Eicosanaid production from linoleic acid elongated fatty acids are more inflammatory than those produced from alpha-linoleic acid elongated fatty acids CORRECT ANSWER-Sngar alcohols are a good oplion for chewing mented by bacteria in the mouth, decreasing acid production sugar alcohols (polyols) - gum because they are not r and thus decreasing cavity formation. Beano - CORRECT ANSWER-Beano contains an enzyme that cleaves the alpha 1-6 bonds in oligosaccharides th decreasing the fermentation by the microbiota in the colon decreasing i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! . H sucrose ¥ high fructose corn syrup - © 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 H y | gas production that can lead to flatulence 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 H glucose, so it will result in the same free fructose available for uptake as HFCS where fructose is H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 Bile - CORRECT ANSWER-Bile is synthesized by the liver and concentrated in the gallbladder 6 fructoses and 1 glucose - CO beneficial colon bacteria and is both an oligosaccharide and a prebiotic. Galactose - CORRECT. ANSWER-Galactose is seldom found in nature alone, and is beta-bonded to glucose in lact: Name the only macronutrient that is digested to any great extent in the mouth and the enzyme responsible for this action - CORRECT. Which type of fiber survives digestion and is excreted as a part of feces? ANSWER-nonfermentable, non viscous fiber Name the components of pancreatic juice - CORRECT. onzyines Gastric juice improperly moving back up into the esophagus results in whal condition? - Name the 2 alternative sweeteners that are derived from natural sources (not artificial or synthesized) tevia and Luo Han Guo (monkfruit) extract Complete proteins - CORRECT amino acids ANSWER-an amino acid score above 100, cannot have limiting 2. Number of double bonds 3. Number of carbons from the methyl end (aka Omega end) to the first carbon in the double bond closest to the methyl end Rank of type of studies - CORRECT. cohort < clinical trial Following consumption of a meal containing long chain fatty acids - CORRECT ANSWER- Chylomicrons will be released from the small intestine into the lacteal lymph and tr. general circulation. fatty acids from lipoproteins like VLDL Foam Cells - C¢ oxidized LDL, when they die they form a fatty streak in arteries that contribute to atherosclerosis. Threonine -Threonine is metabolized to pyruvate and suecinyl-CoA (citric acid & , it is thus classified as a glucogenic amino acid. type 2 diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER Insulin resistance is common in type 2 diabetes, because insulin binds to the surface Lo allow glucose uptake. ANSWER-Consuming a low fiber diet increases the risk of developing these. Celiac Disease - CORRECT ANSWER-Individuals with Celiac disease need to avoid consuming gluten, which is found in wheat products. Statins - CORRECT. ANSWER-When a person’s cardiovascular disease risk warrants it based should lake a stain, which improves people's LDL levels on an online ¢: decreasing cholesterol synthesis. Beta-Oxidation - C CoA, i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | Diverticulosis / diverticulitis - CORRE! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Why are not all compounds that are taken up into enterocytes eventually absorbed - CORRECT absorbed. Following the digestion of starch, protein, and triglycerides, what components are ready for Di ad Tri glycerides Amino acids 2-monoglycerides Fatty Acids During a fast, what would the adipose be secreting? What hormone is stimulating this action? - CORRECT ANSWER-Fatty Acids Glucagon Cori Cyele - CORRECT ANSWER-The Cori Cycle operates when glucose is limited, meaning that the Cori Cycle would be operating to spare glucose by not completely oxidizing it (maintains carbons). Cori Cyt muscle - glycolysis - pyruvate - lactate synthosis - lactate liver - lactate - gluconeogenesis - glucose (no carbs) What would the brain and muscles be using to generate ATP? Why aren’t they using the same substance? - CORRECT ANSWER-Brain: ketone bodies Muscle: fatty acids They don’t use the same substrate because the brain’s beta-oxidation enzyme capability is limited, thus it cannot use fatty acids like the muscle does. (no carbs) how would ethanol (from alcohol} be metabolized, including enzymes, in the liver. If this is ina positive energy balance, how would the “energy” from it be stored’ : In the liver, Ethanol - (enzymes: AOH, MEOS) - Acetaldehyde - (enzym: DH) - Acetyl CoA - FA- TG Then going to the liver = TG goes in through VLDL FA- TG (look at pic} (No fat, vegetarian} Would the liver be secreting a significant amount of urea in this condition? - CORRECT ANSWER-no. The! what urea is produced to help safely excrete. is not aneed to be readily deaminating amino acids to produce ammonia, (no fat, vegetarian) R-VLDL Glucose - Pyruvate - Acetyl CoA - FA - TG - VLDL ino fat, vegetarian} What would the adipose be taking up? What would it do with what is being taken up (metabolic processes, how stored) - CORRECT ANSWER-Glucose, FA Glucose - Pyruvate - Acetyl CoA - FA-TG Selenium Deficiency - CORRECT ANSWER-Selenium deficiency leads to decreased antioxidant selenoenzym: ulting increased oxidative stress causing the coxsackie virus to mutate and become more virulent causing the heart pathology typically seen in Kesha disease. Ascorbate recycling - CORRECT ANSWER-Ascorbate recycling uses facilitated diffusion with the concentration gradient through GLUT transporters to accumulate large amounts of ascorbate. Structure difference between gamma-tocopherol and alpha-tocopherol - CORRECT ANSWER- The difference in structure belween gamma-Locophicral and alpha-tocopherol is the methyl groups on their rings. Cretinism - CORRECT ANSWER-Cretinism is an iodine deficiency disorder that can result in growth, sexual maturation, and cognitive impairments. Selenoenzymes - clonocnzymes are a subset of selenoproteins that contain selenocysteine as an amino acid in them. What is the structural difference between alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol? - CORRECT ANSWER-Alpha-tocopherol has a saturated tail, while alpha-tocotrienol has an unsaturated tail. Name the primary dietary source of iodine that has greatly decreased the incidence of iodine deficiency What were factors A and B in early nutrition? Why are there so many B vilamins and why aren't the numbers in sequential order? - CORRECT ANSWER-Factor A was the early precursor to Vitamin A, Factor B was the early precursor of the B vitamins. They found that factor B consisted of multiple compounds that lead Lo the expansion of a munber of B vilamins. Some B vitamins were discovered and then abandoned, which is why they aren't in sequential order. Name the two micronutrients that are important for thyroid hormone and briefly describe why thyroid hormone. 2 selenoenzymes. lenium is important because the delodinases that metabolize thyroid hormone are What is the structural difference between the different thyroid hormones? - CORRECT TS3 has 3 iodines. Consuming almost nothing but corn simply boiled in water may increase your risk of developing which micronutrient deficiency? Why is this type of dict particularly problematic Lor this RE is not treated with base, bioavailability is poor and can lead to niacin deficiency (pellagra). micronutrient? -Pellagra. Because NIACIN is tightly bound in corn, if it RDA and EAR- CORRECT ANSWER-In order to set an RDA, an EAR needs to be set, and to do that there needs to bi (AD is set off the intake of an apparently healthy population. Since RDA's are set using research arch to do so. If there is no research available, then an adequate intake and meant Lo meot the necds of 97.5% of the population, I ain more confident in them than the AT. slorcoisomers - CORRECT ANSWER- chiral center in the S confirmation. This Steroisomers are those that have the 2 position chiral center (R or S) is important for binding to alpha- tocopherol transfer protcin in the liver. 2R forms are those that bind well to alpha-Locopherol transfer protein and thus are incorporated in to VLDL and lead to higher circulating alpha- tocopherol levels. 2S-Stereoisomers do not bind well, and thus are not included in meeting the Vitamin E requirements. Is soybean oil a good food source to meet the vitamin E RDA? why or why not? - CORRECT. ANSWERNo it is not. Since the unit for the RDA is mg of alpha-tocopherol (and only 2R alpha- tocopherol counts Lowards it) and soybean oil is primarily gamma-Locopherol, it is not a good food souree 1a mect this RDA. Beta-Carotene v Alpha-Carotene - CORRECT ANSWER-Beta-carotene in supplements would provide more RAE value than food beta-carotene and alpha-carotene in food. Transferrin - CORRECT ANSWER-Transferrin transports Fe3+ through circulation after it is transported through ferroportin and oxidized by hephaestin and ceruloplasmin. Atrophic gastritis - CORRE’ inflammation of glands in the stomach thus decreasing the absorption Vitamin B12 by decreasing k-Atrophic gastritis is a condition that results in intrinsic fz Forms of Vitamin A- CORRECT ANSWER-The active form of Vitamin A is all-trans retinoic acid, since this is the m that binds to the retinoic acid receptor and thus mediates many of its biological actions. Tron levels - CORRECT. ANSWER-IE ¢ the liver which absorption. ‘culating iron concentrations get high, this is scnsed by ent iron > hormone hepeidin so that ferroportin is degraded to pre Dietary source of Phosphorus - CORRECT. ANSWER-Phytate is a common dietary source of phosphorus found in cereal/plant that is poorly absorbed because the we lack the enzyme phytase that efficiently cleaves it allowing it to inhibit the absorption of minerals such as calcium and iron. Calciuin’s role in teeth - C ER-In bones and Lecth, caleium is found in hydroxyapatite which is responsible for its strength and when converted to fluorohydroxyapatite by adding fluoride, it increases teeth’s resistance to acid produced by bacteria in the mouth. Forms of Vitamin D- CORRECT ANSWER-Vitamin D3 has a saturated ta produced by animals, and w s primarily amin D (25(OH)D) 1 consumed increases the circulating form of concentrations, which is produced by the liver, more than vitamin D2. Calcium concentrations - CORRECT ANSWER-In response to too high calcium concentrations, calcitonin is released from the thyroid; and in response to Loo low calcium concentralions, PTH is released from the parathyroid. Golden Rice - CORRECT ANSWER-The major point of debate about whether to allow golden rice Lo be made available is about the safely and justification for genclically modified foods/crops. F-Dermatologists are not supportive of sensible sun exposure to increase Vitamin D synthesis, because it is not consistent with their safe sun recommendations. Tron deficiency indicators - CORRECT ANSWER-An adequate blood hemoglobin can tell you that a person is not defici ron stores are exhausted. Folic Acid intake - CORRECT ANSWER-High folic acid intake may mask a cobalamin deficicney by corre Ling the most casily recognizable symptom of il, bul not the more scrious neurological issues caused by it. Menaquinone - CORRECT ANSWER-Menaquinone is a form of Vitamin K produced by bacteria that has an unsaturaled tail of varying lengths. Folate - C folic acid which is the synthetic, mono glutamate form that provides more DFE value. R-Folate is the natural, polyglutamatc, less bioavailable form than transfer across the placental barrier, their gastrointestinal tracts do not contain vitamin K producing bacteria, and breast milk is low in vitamin K. Which two micronutrients are a concern for a child consuming a vegan diet? - CORRECT ANSWER-1. iron- because the child would only be consuming non-heme iron, which isn't as bioavailable as heme iron. The DRI camimitic Led thal. vegans might need to consume more iron as a result. 2. Vilamin B12 - Because execpt for a flow ceptions, il is only found in animal food products which the child would not be consuming. Why night blindness may occur in people without adequate amounts of a micronutrient. - CORRECT ANSWER-11-cis-retinal, combines hit by light, is converted back to opsin and all-trans-retinal and causes a signal to be sent to the ith opsin to form rhodopsin. Rhodopsin, when brain which leads to image formation. All-trans nal is recycled back to 11-cis retinal, but this isnot a 100% efficient proc Rhodopsin lovels are inercased under conditions of dim light, thus if there is not enough vitamin A available to make rhodopsin beyond what is recycled, night 1 blindness can oceur. How the active form of Vitamin D increases calcium absorplion - CORRECT ANSWER- 1,23(0H)2D moves inta the nucleus of the cnterocyle where it binds Lo the Vilamin D receptor (VDR), which is dimerized with RXR on the vitamin D response element of the calbindin gene, which increases transcription of mRNA. mRNA moves into the cytoplasm to synthesize calbindin protein, increasing calbindin protein levels. Calbindin is a calcium binding protein that facilitates uptake and transports of calcium, thereby increasing calcium absorption. RR! enzyme gamma-glutamyl! carboxylase which adds carboxyl groups to the amino acid glutamate. How Warfarin works as a blood thinner - © ER-Vitamin K is a cofactor for the This allows it to then bind Ca2+ and they are activated. Proteins with these modified glutamates are referred Lo as Gla proteins. A numbor of these Gla proteins are within the blood clotting cascade, without adequate activation of them, bload clotting is decreased. When Vitamin K is used as a cofactor, it is converted to Vitamin K epoxide. Normally it is converted back to Vitamin K so it can continue to serve as a cofactor. Warfarin inhibits blood clotting (thins blood) by preventing vitamin K epoxide from being regenerated to form Vitamin K so that it can be used to form Gla proteins that are important in the blood clotting cascade. Understand the importance of thionein/metallotheionein to zine and copper - CORRECT. cofactor. Different forms of copper - “upric (Cu2+) oxidized form of copper Cuprous (Cul+) reduced form of copper Ceruloplasmin's dual roles in the body - CORRECT ANSWER-Ceruloplasmin serves two roles: 1. Copper is Lransporied through circulation in the body in the copper transport protein, ceruloplasmin, which binds 6 coppers/protein. 2. Ceruloplasmin oxidizes Fo2+ Lo Fe3+ so il can bind to Lransferrin. Why copper is important Lo iron absorption/transport - R-Two copper containing proteins, ceruloplasmin and hephaestin, oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+. Fe3+ is the form that binds to transferrin. Therefore, copper is needed for these proteins to continue to serve their function so iron can be absorbed/transported to tissue cells. Form of copper used in supplements that is essentially not absorbed at all- CORRECT. “upric oxide is not absorbed at all Prevalance of salt-sensitivity, its relation to hypertension, and the impact on recommendations to reduce salt/sodium intake of all foods - ( ‘R-27% of Americans have hypertension (high blood pressure} which increases their risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Salt is believed to be a major cause of developing hypertension, however, not everyone is sall-sensilive. Sall-sonsitive means thal a porson’s blood pressure increases with increased intake of salt and decreases with a deercasc of salt intake. 25% of poople who are normotensive (normal blood pressure) and 50% of people with hypertension are salt-sensitive. In small portions of individuals, low salt intake can increase their blood pressure. There is not a clinical method that will readily determine whether a person is salt-sensitive. Debate around whether public health policy should be trying to reduce the salt intake of everyone - CORRECT ANSWER-Bocanse a decrease of salt in all foads would only benefit some people, there is a debate whether we should lower all salt intake. This would help those who are salt-sensit: