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FLORIDA NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
What is microbiology? - correct answers The study of microorganisms What is a micron? - correct answers one millionth of a meter What is a nanometer? - correct answers one billionth of a meter. What is a picometer? - correct answers a metric unit of length that is equal to on trillionth of a meter. ** used to measure the height of atoms What is the importance of microorganisms in our life? - correct answers Help maintain the balance of life in our environment. As humans, we depend on microbes in our intestines for digestion and synthesis of some vitamins that our bodies require such as some B vitamins for metabolism and vitamin K for blood clotting. What is taxonomy? - correct answers the science of naming and classifying organisms Every organism is assigned how many names? - correct answers 2 First name when identifying organisms is? - correct answers the genus; always capitalized and a noun.
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FLORIDA NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Second name when identifying organisms is? - correct answers the Species; always lowercased and usually an adjective. Are both names printed underlined or italicized? - correct answers Yes What is binomial nomenclature? - correct answers two word naming system Who was Carolus Linnaeus? - correct answers A Swedish botanist who developed 7- level taxa system, based on similarities between organisms. He developed the system of nomenclature of organisms. What is a prokaryote? - correct answers A cell without a nucleus What is a eukaryote? - correct answers A cell that has a nucleus and organelles, so it compartmentalizes cellular tasks and operations. What are the 7 levels of classification? - correct answers Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species What are the 5 kingdoms of life? - correct answers Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia Monera consists of? - correct answers Prokaryote cells such as archaea and bacteria.
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FLORIDA NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Who was Robert Hooke? - correct answers Reported that life's smallest structural units were cells. Marked the beginning of cell theory. What is spontaneous generation/abiogenesis? - correct answers life rapidly appears from non-living things What is biogenesis and who developed the theory of biogenesis? - correct answers Rudolf Virchow hypothesized that living cells arise from preexisting living cells. Who finally could prove the Theory of Biogenesis? - correct answers Louis Pasteur resolved the issue by filling flasks with beef broth and then boiled their contents. Some flasks were left opened and in a few days they were found to be contaminated with microbes. Who was Igaz Semmelweis? - correct answers a gynecologist who introduced hand washing to help diminish the cross contamination of diseases. Who was Joseph Lister? - correct answers Introduced aseptic surgery. He used phenol (carbolic acid) as an antiseptic which reduced mortality rates. Who could explain the cross-contamination of infectious diseases and their pathogenesis? - correct answers Rober Koch, a german physician.
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FLORIDA NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
How did Edward Jenner work in the first vaccination? - correct answers he discovered a treatment using cowpox to give immunity to small pox. How was the first antibiotic produced? - correct answers Alexander Flemming noticed a curious pattern of growth on plates, in which bacterial growth had been inhibited encircled the mold. The mold was Penicillium Chrysogenum. What is bacteriology? - correct answers study of bacteria What is parasitology? - correct answers study of parasites What is Virology? - correct answers study of viruses What is Immunology? - correct answers the study of immunity. What is the importance of the Recombinant DNA technology using microorganisms to benefit human beings? - correct answers rDNA inserts recombinant DNA into bacteria or microbes to make large quantities of a desired protein. Combining beneficial traits of two or more organisms and creating organisms that synthesize products humans need. What is bioremediation? - correct answers the use of living organisms, such as prokaryotes, fungi, or plants, to detoxify a polluted area
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FLORIDA NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
What is the arm? - correct answers supports the body tube What is the objective lens? - correct answers primary lens that magnifies specimen. What is the stage? - correct answers Holds the microscope slide in position. What is the condenser? - correct answers focuses light through the specimen What is the iris diaphragm? - correct answers Located below the stage, it control the amount of light allowed onto the slide What is the illuminator? - correct answers light source for the microscope What is the course focusing knob? - correct answers Moves stage up and down What is the fine adjustment knob? - correct answers Moves the stage slightly to sharpen the image What is the base? - correct answers supports the microscope
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FLORIDA NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
What is the difference between the condenser and the iris diaphragm? - correct answers it collects and focuses light, while the other controls the amount of light. How are real images produced? - correct answers They are produced by intersecting light rays, that can be projected on a screen and are formed by 2 opposite lens, concave and convex. How are virtual images produced? - correct answers By diverging rays that cannot be projected on a screen and are always inverted. How is total magnification calculated? - correct answers Multiply the ocular lens (10x) by the objective lens What is resolution? - correct answers the ability to distinguish fine detail with a magnifying instrument. What is the resolution of a compound microscope? - correct answers 1000x What is the resolution of our eyes? - correct answers 1 micrometer What is dark field microscopy? - correct answers has a device to scatter light from the illuminator so that the specimen appears white against a black background.
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FLORIDA NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
What are examples of basic dyes? - correct answers crystal violet, methane blue, malachite green and safranin. What are acidic dyes? - correct answers anionic, negatively charged chromophore What are examples of acidic dyes? - correct answers eosinate and nigrosin. What is a gram stain? - correct answers a differential stain that classifies bacteria into two groups; positive or negative gram stain bacteria. What is gram positive bacteria? - correct answers bacteria that retain the crystal violet color after decolorizing by alcohol; stains dark purple. Thicker peptidoglycan wall and tend to be killed easily by penicillin. What is gram negative bacteria? - correct answers bacteria that lose the crystal violet color after decolorizing by alcohol; stain red after treatment with safranin. More resistant to treatment. What is the acid fast stain? - correct answers Used to stain organisms that resist conventional staining Used to stain members of genus Mycobacterium and Nocardia
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FLORIDA NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
What is the action of the alcohol in gram stain? - correct answers decolorizes all cells except acid fast cells; it is unable to penetrate the waxy cell wall. How do mycolic acids in acid-fast cells or bacteria contribute to their colorization? - correct answers a waxy substance in the cell walls of acid fast bacteria are resistant to staining. What do capsules look like during staining? - correct answers appear as white halo between the cells and the colored background. What do endospores look like during staining? - correct answers appear green within red or pink cells. What do flagella look like during staining? - correct answers uses a mordant and stain carbofuchsin to build up the diameters of it. What do prokaryotes consist of? - correct answers Prokaryotes have a few membrane enclosed organelles, flagella consisting of two protein building blocks, a peptidoglycan cell wall, the plasma membrane is made of carbs, single cell chromosomes which lack histones, cell division occursa via binary fission, and only transfer DNA. What do eukaryotes consist of? - correct answers Membrane bound organelles present, complex flagella, when present, the cell wall is made of cellulose and chitin, and involves mitosis and meiosis.
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FLORIDA NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
What is pili of prokaryotes? - correct answers responsible for motility and DNA transfer What is the plasma membrane of a prokaryote? - correct answers thin structure inside a cell wall and enclosing the cytoplasm. What are glycoproteins of a prokaryote? - correct answers proteins attached to carbohydrates What are glycolipids of a prokaryote? - correct answers proteins attached to lipids What are chromatophores of prokaryotes? - correct answers infolding of the plasma membrane that extend into the cytoplasm. What is a capsule (Prok)? - correct answers organized in a tight matrix like envelope around the cell. Adhere to cell wall and helps exclude small particles What is a slime layer (Prok)? - correct answers diffused and easily deformed; easy to remove. Helps against dehydration Chemicals of glycocalix include (Prok.)? - correct answers polysaccharides and or polypeptides.
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FLORIDA NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
What are the three parts of flagella? - correct answers filament- contains the globular proteins flagellin- the hook basal body What is the function of flagella? - correct answers motility What is H antigen? - correct answers a protein useful for distinguishing servers (variations within a species of gram - bacteria) What is fimbrae? - correct answers fiber on the outside of bacteria made from proteins that help the bacteria cling to their host What is pili? - correct answers longer than timbre and are only 1-2/cell. Involved in motility and DNA transfer. Components of gram positive cell wall include? - correct answers many layers of peptidoglycan, forming a thick rigid structure. Space between cell wall and plasma membrane is the plasmic space. Contains teichoic acids which consist of an alcohol and phosphate.
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FLORIDA NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
What are protoplasts? - correct answers gram + bacteria or plant cell treated to remove the cell wall. What are spheroplasts? - correct answers gram - bacteria treated to damage the cell wall, resulting in a spherical cell. What is lister form? - correct answers cell fall deficient upon exposure to high concentrations of penicillin or salt. What does the plasma membrane of prokaryotes consist of? - correct answers phospholipids and proteins What does the plasma membrane of eukaryotes consist of? - correct answers contain carbohydrates and sterols. What is the function of the plasma membrane? - correct answers Control transfer of substances in and out of the cell. What is passive process? - correct answers the cell does not use energy while moving substances across plasma membrane. What is simple diffusion? - correct answers when molecules spread from an area of high to an area of low concentration
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FLORIDA NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
What is facilitated diffusion? - correct answers Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels What is active transport? - correct answers the cell uses energy in the form of ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane. What is osmosis? - correct answers diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration of molecules to an area of lower concentration of molecules. What is isotonic solution? - correct answers The concentration of solutes is equal inside and outside the cell so water moves across the membrane in both directions maintaining cell size What is hypertonic solution? - correct answers The solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell so water moves out of the cell and into the solution causing the cell to plasmolyze What is a hypotonic solution? - correct answers the solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell so water moves into the cell causing plant cells to swell and animal cells to swell and burst What is osmotic lysis? - correct answers cells burst
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FLORIDA NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
What does the rough ER do? - correct answers Makes proteins What does the golgi complex do? - correct answers modifies and packages proteins destined for use in the cell or for export from the cell. What do lysosomes do? - correct answers membrane packages that break down with digestive enzymes What do vacuoles do? - correct answers store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates What do peroxomes do? - correct answers site of many diverse metabolic reactions What does the mitochondria do? - correct answers makes energy; production of ATP What is the endosymbiotic theory? - correct answers explains how eukaryotic cells may have evolved from prokaryotic cells What are physical and chemical requirements for bacterial growth? - correct answers Temperature, pH, and Osmotic pressure more protons indicates more (acid or basic)? - correct answers acidity
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FLORIDA NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
More oxycedolhydrogens indicate more (acid or basic)? - correct answers basic What are the pH's for bacterial growth? - correct answers 6.5 ro 7.5 pH What are the pH's for mold and yeast? - correct answers 5 - 6 pH What is osmotic pressure? - correct answers The amount of pressure required to stop the osmotic flow of water. What is high osmotic pressure? - correct answers high salt concentration What are psychotrophs? - correct answers moderate temperature loving bacteria from 20 - 30 degrees Celsius; food spoiling bacteria. What are mesophiles? - correct answers moderate temperature loving microbes; growth temperature between 25 and 40 degrees Celsius. What are thermophiles? - correct answers heat loving microbes; optimum growth temp of 50-60 degrees celsius.
