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FOREIGN POLICY
UNIT-II
Salient features of Foreign Policy of USA Foreign Policy of USA toward: United Nations: Nuclear Proliferation; Terrorism USA’s Policy towards Europe, West Asia, South Asia
Salient Features of USA of Foreign Policy
The salient features of USA foreign policy described in 5 phases
1- The phase of isolation 1787-1939 (classical phase ) 2- The phase of cold war 1947-1969 (USSR dissolve) 3- The phase of Détente 1969-1990 (ease of tension) 4- The phase of Unipolar Dominance 1991 onwards 5- US Foreign Policy after 11 September
The Phase of Isolation - At the end of second term of George Washington in 1797 delivered a speech which emphasis that America should consistently follow the policy of isolation. He observe “Europe has a set of primary interest which to us have none, or very remote relations. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves, by artificial ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities.”
The isolationist views of Washington were largely adopted. His Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 caused the U.S. to break off its relationship with France. Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the U.S., summarized American isolationism as a concept of “peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none” in his inauguration address in 1801.
Despite experiencing fast industrial and economic progress and maintain its position as a global power, America was able to retain its political isolation throughout the first half of the 19th century. The U.S. stretched its own borders from coast to coast and started establishing territorial empires in the pacific and the Caribbean during the 1800’s without giving up its restricted isolationist stance. The U.S. engaged in three conflicts: the war of 1812, the Mexican War, and the Spanish American War all without conclusive alliances with Europe or any of the other parties.
In 1823 Monroe Doctrine said outright that the U.S. would regard the colonization of any sovereign country in North and South America by a European nation as an act of war. In 1858 U.S. expelled the Spanish force form Cuba and becomes continental power.
The Phase of Cold War- After the World War 2, the cold war starts between USA and USSR. The World War 2 was held between the allied powers (US, USSR, France, and China) and Axis powers (Japan, Italy, Germany). The United Nation was formed after the World War 2, to protect any further future war. The allied members are become permanent members having veto power.
The cold war was the state of political conflict, military tensions, proxy wars and economic competition that existed after the World War 2 between the communist world and socialist world.
Japan defeats Russia in 1905. Honeymoon period till 1945.
USSR believes in ideology of Marxism and exports communalism.
Communist manifesto in 1948 (Marx and Engels)
Bible for communist- We the communist distain to conceal our views and aims. we openly declares that we believe in a forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions. Let the ruling class tremble at a community revolution.
WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES UNITE YOU HAVE NOTHING TO LOOSE BUT YOUR AIMS, CHAINS; YOU HAVE A WORLD TO WIN.
Marx is the most influential thinker of all time. The conflict between US and USSR started on the ground of capitalist and communalism ideology. US believe in Capitalist and USSR believes in communalist. March of Rome- Mussolini. Hitler came to the power in Germany with ballet vote. Red danger- The propaganda starts against communalism.
Containment of Communalism- In 1947 President Harry Truman said about the containment (stop) of communism. Because communist class believes in class struggle not in class harmony and socialist dictatorship of proletariat start.
Truman Doctrine (1947) – The US foreign policy during the cold war was the Truman Doctrine which was to prevent the expansion of communalism to new nation. The Truman doctrine was a policy set by US president Harry S Truman on March 12/1947, stating “The United Nations is designed to make possible lasting freedom and independence for all its members. We shall not realize our objectives, however, unless we are willing to help free peoples to maintain their free institutions and their national integrity against aggressive movements that seek to impose upon them totalitarian regimes. This is no more than a frank recognition that totalitarian regimes imposed on free peoples, by direct or indirect aggression, undermine the foundations of international peace and hence the security of the United States.”
In 1963 Hot Line Agreement was signed between USA and USSR Moscow and Washington was in telephonic communication. World War 3 avoided.
The phase of Détente (1969-90)
In 1969 Nickson came in power in U.S. and Leonid Brezhnev came in power in USSR. Nuclear weapons become most important after Cuban Missile Crisis.
Nuclear Détente theory- A response to significant changes in the international system, most notably the impact of a nuclear stalemate and the emergence of new centers of power.
Non Proliferation treaty 1968 between US and USSR- the NPT is a historic international agreement whose main goals are to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, and advance the cause of general and complete disarmament.
Partial Test ban Treaty 1963- This agreement forbade the testing of nuclear weapons "or any other nuclear explosion" on land, in the ocean, or in the atmosphere.
SALT-1 Treaty 1972- A set number of ballistic missiles and missile deployment sites were agreed upon by the US and the USSR.
Nordpolitik- It’s a signature foreign policy of South Korea. The policy guided South Korean efforts to reach out to the traditional allies of North Korea, with the goal of normalized relations with the closet allies to North Korea, China and Soviet Union. By adopting Nordpolitik, South Korea abolished the doctrine “enemy of my enemy is my friend” and understood that the indirect approach was a more plausible way to engage with North Korea.
Ostpolitik- commencing in 1969, the German Democratic Republic (GDR, or East Germany) and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, or West Germany) began to normalize their relations.
- Mikhail Gorbachev wants Economic reforms in USSR.
- In 1979 USSR enters in Afghanistan and Pakistan was pampered of United States in Afghanistan.
- In 1989 USSR withdraw force form Afghanistan.
- In 1991 Soviet Union disintegrates and cold war era ends.
Welcome Capitalism bye-bye communism- USSR slogans.
The phase of Unipolar Dominance (1991 to onwards)
America become Global Police men and dominates over the world.
Thesis which was important- Clash of Civilization- Samuel P. Huntington “don’t think there will not be ideological conflict but clashes between civilizations. According to Huntington, there will be possible conflict between Islamic and western civilizations. The end of history – Francis Fukuyama Red scare was created all over the world earlier but after the end of the red scare, Green scare was created as a threat to universe peace because NATO was not useful anymore as red danger was over. Hence, green scare created. The threat was projected from non-state actors rather than states as the Muslims countries were allies with the west and US. This manufactured the consent to continue NATO. We see in international arena Islamic state mostly under the shed of United States. After the formation of ‘Al-Qaeda’ the concept of Islamic terrorism and everything like that starts. Ideology evolution of man has been completed in the form of western liberal capitalism and democracy.
The attack of 9/11- On 11 sept of 2001 a passenger aircraft convert into air bomb and crashed at World Trade Center. Bush says we are going against ‘was of terror’ and declared either the countries are with us or against us but cannot be neutral. There can be no true friend without true enemy. Enemy was created as green danger. Afghanistan was attacked by USA in 2001. Taliban govt. was overthrow. Iraqi was attacked in 2003 in the name of weapon of mass destruction development. Resolution was made that Iraq should not develop weapon of mass destruction manipulated by USA. Saddam was hanged.
