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From the innocence of birth to vigor of youth., Lecture notes of Humanities

Talk about the different phases in life, not just age-related stages, but also significant life changes like career shifts or personal growth.

Typology: Lecture notes

2022/2023

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PHASES OF LIFE
Certainly! The phases of life refer to the different stages an individual goes
through from birth to death. While there are various theories, one widely
recognized framework is Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which
outlines eight stages.
Here's a brief overview:
1. Infancy (0-18 months) - Trust vs. Mistrust. Infants learn to trust their
caregivers for basic needs. And in this stage of learning children experience
significant growth and development.
Here are some key aspects of this period:
Exploration and Play: infants are naturally curious and love to
explore their environment. They use their senses to learn about the
world around them. Playtime is essential for their cognitive, physical,
and emotional development.
Independence: As infants grow, they start showing signs of
independence. They may try to feed themselves, hold objects, or
crawl. Encouraging their independence helps build confidence.
Communication: Although they can’t speak yet, infants communicate
through gestures, facial expressions, and sounds. They point at
objects they want, express joy, and sometimes get frustrated when
they can’t convey their needs effectively.
Understanding Objects: Infants begin to understand the purpose of
everyday objects. For example, they recognize that a spoon is used
for eating or that a phone makes sounds when pressed.
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PHASES OF LIFE

Certainly! The phases of life refer to the different stages an individual goes through from birth to death. While there are various theories, one widely recognized framework is Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which outlines eight stages. Here's a brief overview:

  1. Infancy (0-18 months) - Trust vs. Mistrust. Infants learn to trust their caregivers for basic needs. And in this stage of learning children experience significant growth and development. Here are some key aspects of this period:
  • Exploration and Play: infants are naturally curious and love to explore their environment. They use their senses to learn about the world around them. Playtime is essential for their cognitive, physical, and emotional development.
  • Independence : As infants grow, they start showing signs of independence. They may try to feed themselves, hold objects, or crawl. Encouraging their independence helps build confidence.
  • Communication : Although they can’t speak yet, infants communicate through gestures, facial expressions, and sounds. They point at objects they want, express joy, and sometimes get frustrated when they can’t convey their needs effectively.
  • Understanding Objects : Infants begin to understand the purpose of everyday objects. For example, they recognize that a spoon is used for eating or that a phone makes sounds when pressed.
  • Temper Tantrums : When infants feel frustrated or overwhelmed, they may have temper tantrums. These outbursts are their way of expressing emotions before they can articulate their feelings verbally.
  • Developmental Milestones : Infants achieve various milestones during this period, including.
  1. Toddlerhood (18 months-3 years) - Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt: Toddlers begin to assert their independence. Children may start playing pretend games, playing with other children or following two-part directions. They may say the names of familiar people, throw balls or run. 3 to 5 years: At this age, children start naming their likes and dislikes, learn to count to 10 and identify colors. Here is the stage of their development that encompasses several areas:
  • Cognitive Development : Toddlers become more curious and eager to learn. They explore their environment, imitate actions, and recognize familiar objects and people. They may also start sorting shapes and colors.
  • Physical Development : At 18 months, toddlers are becoming more coordinated. They can walk, run, climb, and even kick a ball. Fine motor skills improve, allowing them to stack blocks, turn pages, and feed themselves with a spoon.
  • Language Skills : Language development is rapid during this period. Toddlers may say a few words or short phrases. They understand simple instructions and can point to body parts or objects when asked.
  • Social Development : Toddlers begin to interact with others. They enjoy playing alongside peers (parallel play) and may show affection by hugging or kissing. Sharing and taking turns are still challenging for them.
  1. School Age (6-12 years) - Industry vs. Inferiority: Children work towards competence and self-esteem. The school-age period typically spans from 6 to 12 years old. During this time, children experience significant growth and development. Let’s explore some of the key milestones and abilities for children in this age group: ➢ Physical Milestones :  6- to 7-year-olds : ▪ Enjoy various activities and stay busy. ▪ Like to paint and draw. ▪ Practice skills to improve, such as jumping rope and riding bikes. ▪ Can tie shoelaces and perform simple math (like adding and subtracting).  8- to 9-year-olds : ▪ Jump, skip, and chase. ▪ Dress and groom themselves independently. ▪ Use tools like hammers and screwdrivers.  10- to 12-year-olds : ▪ Show interest in writing, drawing, and painting. ➢ Cognitive Milestones :  6- to 7-year-olds : ▪ Understand the concept of numbers. ▪ Differentiate between daytime and nighttime. ▪ Can tell time and copy complex shapes (like diamonds). ▪ Read age-appropriate books.  8- to 9-year-olds : ▪ Count backward. ▪ Understand fractions and concepts related to space. ▪ Enjoy collecting objects.

10- to 12-year-olds : ▪ Write stories and letters. ▪ Read well. ▪ Enjoy phone conversations or texting. ➢ Wellness and Fitness :  Physical activity is crucial for building strength, coordination, and confidence.  Staying fit improves overall development, self-esteem, and prevents health issues like obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease later in life.

  1. Adolescence (12-18 years) - Identity vs. Role Confusion: Teenagers explore their identity and sense of self. adolescence is a fascinating stage of development that bridges childhood and adulthood. Let’s explore some key aspects of adolescence (ages 12 to 18). ➢ Physical Changes :  Puberty : Adolescents experience significant physical changes due to hormonal shifts. Girls typically start their sexual development between ages 8 and 13, with breast development occurring first. Pubic hair develops shortly after breast development, and menstrual periods usually begin around age 12 (average range is 10 to 15 years old).  Boys also go through puberty, starting between ages 10 and 13. Their first pubertal change is the enlargement of testicles, followed by penis enlargement approximately one year later. Pubic hair typically develops around 13.5 years old, and boys may experience nocturnal emissions (commonly known as “wet dreams”) around age 14. Facial and underarm hair, voice changes, and acne usually appear around age 1 51. ➢ Cognitive Development :

Each adolescent progresses at their own pace, and their worldview may differ. Some common abilities include thinking more abstractly and considering long-term consequences 1 . ➢ Social and Emotional Growth :  Adolescents navigate complex social dynamics, forming deeper friendships and exploring their identities.  Emotional regulation improves, but mood swings are common due to hormonal fluctuations.  They seek independence from parents and may challenge authority figures.  Peer influence becomes significant, impacting choices related to risk- taking and behavior

  1. Young Adulthood (18-40 years) - Intimacy vs. Isolation - Young adults form intimate relationships .typically spanning from 18 to 40 years old , is a significant phase of life characterized by various milestones, challenges, and personal growth. During this period, individuals experience physical, emotional, and cognitive changes as they transition from adolescence to full-fledged adulthood. Let’s explore some key aspects of young adulthood: ➢ Education and Career :  Many young adults pursue higher education, vocational training, or enter the workforce.  They make important decisions about their career paths, choosing majors, and exploring job opportunities.  Balancing work, study, and personal life becomes crucial. ➢ Relationships and Social Life :

 Young adults form and maintain friendships, romantic relationships, and social networks.  They learn about intimacy, trust, and communication in relationships. Some may choose to marry or start families during this time. ➢ Health and Well-Being :  Physical health is essential. Regular exercise, proper nutrition, and adequate sleep contribute to overall well-being.  Mental health awareness is crucial. Managing stress, anxiety, and seeking professional help when needed are important.  Developing healthy habits and avoiding risky behaviors (such as substance abuse) are priorities. ➢ Financial Independence :  Young adults learn financial literacy, budgeting, and saving.  They may face student loans, credit card debt, or housing expenses.  Achieving financial stability and planning for the future are key goals. ➢ Identity and Self-Discovery :  Young adulthood is a time of self-exploration. Individuals define their values, beliefs, and personal identity.  They question societal norms, explore interests, and discover passions.  Cultural, ethnic, and gender identity play significant roles. ➢ Life Transitions :  Graduating from college, moving out of the family home, and starting a career are common transitions.  Some young adults relocate for job opportunities or personal reasons.  Coping with change and adapting to new environments are essential skills. ➢ Parenting and Family :

These challenges can represent significant reorientations in outlook, attitudes, and personal relationships, and they may be influenced by circumstances beyond our control.

  1. Late Adulthood (65 years and onward) - Integrity vs. Despair - Older adults reflect on their lives with a sense of fulfillment or regret. Late adulthood, also known as senescence , is the developmental stage that spans from approximately age 65 until death. It’s the longest phase across the lifespan, and within this period, there are several sub-stages based on differences in physical health and mental functioning. ➢ Population Trends :  In the United States, late adulthood (65 years and above) is the fastest-growing age division. Currently, approximately one in seven Americans falls into this category.  The baby boomer generation (born between 1946 and 1964) began turning 65 in 2011, and around 10,000 baby boomers reach this milestone every day.  By 2050 , nearly one in four Americans is projected to be over 65 years old.  Life expectancy has increased significantly. A person who turned 65 in 2015 can expect to live another 19 years , which is 5.5 years longer than someone who turned 65 in 1950.  This demographic shift is often referred to as the “ graying of America .” ➢ Projected Percentages of U.S. Population Ages 65 and Older :  These figures illustrate the expected proportions of different age groups within the older population: ▪ 65-69: 5.4% (2020) to 5.6% (2030) ▪ 70-74: 4.4% (2020) to 5.2% (2030) ▪ 75-79: 3.0% (2020) to 4.1% (2030) ▪ 80-84: 1.9% (2020) to 2.9% (2030) ▪ 85 and older: 2.0% (2020) to 2.5% (2030) 1 . ➢ Global Aging Trends :