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FSE 112 Archaeology Final Exam Latest edition with Correct Answers, Exams of History of Education

Austin CollegeHistory of Education

Eastern North America domesticates (early) - ✔✔- independent centre of domestication - dog - squash - sunflower - sumpweed - little barley - goosefoot - smartweed - knowtweed - turkey - maize Signs of Civilization - ✔✔- Food surplus - Social stratification - Specialists (craftsmen) - Formal government - Urban settlements - System of record keeping - Monumental works Cahokia (North America) - ✔✔- Archaeological site in Illinois - flourished AD 1000-1250 - Mississippians - Live in flood plain which was incredibly fertile - Maize and squash agriculture - Can produce food surplus which can support non-agriculturists- Emergence of powerful leadership and different access to wealth and resources - Approx. b/w 10,000-40,000 people - 15 km^2 - 120 mounds made up of earth, rectangular mostly w/ flat tops that housed temples and houses of the elites - many mounds and earthworks - Rapidly abandoned around 1350 AD (maybe deforestation/overhunting, climate change, disease)

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FSE 112 Archaeology Final Exam
Eastern North America domesticates (early) - ✔✔- independent centre of domestication
- dog
- squash
- sunflower
- sumpweed
- little barley
- goosefoot
- smartweed
- knowtweed
- turkey
- maize
Signs of Civilization - ✔✔- Food surplus
- Social stratification
- Specialists (craftsmen)
- Formal government
- Urban settlements
- System of record keeping
- Monumental works
Cahokia (North America) - ✔✔- Archaeological site in Illinois
- flourished AD 1000-1250
- Mississippians
- Live in flood plain which was incredibly fertile
- Maize and squash agriculture
- Can produce food surplus which can support non-agriculturists
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Download FSE 112 Archaeology Final Exam Latest edition with Correct Answers and more Exams History of Education in PDF only on Docsity!

FSE 112 Archaeology Final Exam

Eastern North America domesticates (early) - ✔✔- independent centre of domestication

  • dog
  • squash
  • sunflower
  • sumpweed
  • little barley
  • goosefoot
  • smartweed
  • knowtweed
  • turkey
  • maize Signs of Civilization - ✔✔- Food surplus
  • Social stratification
  • Specialists (craftsmen)
  • Formal government
  • Urban settlements
  • System of record keeping
  • Monumental works Cahokia (North America) - ✔✔- Archaeological site in Illinois
  • flourished AD 1000 - 1250
  • Mississippians
  • Live in flood plain which was incredibly fertile
  • Maize and squash agriculture
  • Can produce food surplus which can support non-agriculturists
  • Emergence of powerful leadership and different access to wealth and resources
  • Approx. b/w 10,000-40,000 people
  • 15 km^
  • 120 mounds made up of earth, rectangular mostly w/ flat tops that housed temples and houses of the elites
  • many mounds and earthworks
  • Rapidly abandoned around 1350 AD (maybe deforestation/overhunting, climate change, disease) Mounds at Cahokia - ✔✔- Monks Mound - the largest platform mound in North America: over 30m high, base = 15 acres, would have had a temple or an elite residence constructed out of wood, wood palisade made out of 20,000 logs
  • Ridge top mounds = burial mounds
  • Mound 72 - a mound with the burial of Cahokia's elite: built in a number of stages, approx. 270 burials, exotic grave goods (from great lakes region, gulf coast of Mexico), beaded burial = 20,000 handmade shell beads in shape of the bird or part of a woven blanket that had beads incorporated into them or a cape, 750 arrowheads, sheets of mika, rolls of hand pounded copper, retainers/sacrificial victims to accompany ruler in death ~ 80% female and 20% male, tooth enamel = local to region rather than outsiders Stonehenge (Britain) - ✔✔- Farming in Britain begins ~ 4,000 ya
  • Stonehenge, England 3000 BC - 1600 BC
  • Radiocarbon dated
  • Evidence of social complexity, require coordinated labour force and could only be built by communal effort
  • megalith on the Salisbury Plain of Southern England
  • neither the only or the oldest megalith in England
  • Aligned to Summer Solstice, sun shines directly into Stonehenge and bisects
  • Don't need to know specific dates but know period of 1,500 years of work 5,000 years ago and went through many phases of construction
  • Know it started out as an earth monument 3000 BC to stone in 2600 BC
  • Also connected to the river Avon
  • 1,000 houses identified in excavations
  • Clear evidence of feasting (butchered pig bones, cattle)
  • Cattle from highlands of Scotland (tested strontium isotope in teeth)
  • Evidence of dairy, milk stored in vessels
  • People there at midwinter and midsummer solstice The Amesbury Archer - ✔✔• Dates 2470 BC (early bronze age)
  • 5 km away from Stonehenge
  • Presence of grave goods
  • 100 different offering in burial
  • 10x more than other burials of this period (some time of elite)
  • Both many and unique artifacts
  • Stone arrowheads
  • Extra pieces of flint to manufacture more tools
  • Wrist guard made of stone to protect from bow recoil
  • Copper blades (3), some earliest metal in Southern Britain (shows he had access and maybe even metallurgy)
  • Cloak pin, probably wore cloak
  • Beaker pottery (originates in continental Europe, movement of people from continental Europe to Britain bringing pottery with them)
  • Tusks
  • Gold (oldest gold in this area of Britain, probably hair tresses or earrings)
  • Would have been in timber-lined grave
  • 45 years old
  • Abscess in jaw, left kneecap ripped off, blood infection
  • Isotope analysis
  • Strontium isotope analysis
  • Details about origin - enamel forms when very young = earlier years
  • Wasn't local to Stonehenge area but from Alps region (Switzerland, Austria, Germany)
  • Marks beginnings of metal age (bringing metallurgy and pottery from continental Europe to Great Britain) Archer's companion - ✔✔- Native to Stonehenge area
  • Foot, both have unusual structure in foot (genetic trait)
  • Related
  • Appear to be a generation removed
  • Found second pair of gold hair tresses in skeleton jaw = evidence of an elite class Definition of State - ✔✔Class societies, often rigidly stratified into social levels. The ruling class controls the populace not by consensus but by coercion and force. The rulers in a state society have the power to levy and collect taxes, to establish and enforce laws, and to conscript people to do the work of the state. Mesopotamia - ✔✔• Greek, "the land between two rivers"
  • Area of land lying between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
  • Home to the world's earliest urban societies
  • Mostly present day Iraq, but also Syria, Iran, Kuwait, etc.
  • Rich land excellent for farming
  • Distinctive farming culture emerged
  • Population increased and moved into Southern Mesopotamia (Sumer)
  • Sumer = Sumerians
  • Not a lot of rainfall
  • Populated when population growth forced people in the flood plain
  • Irrigation canals = key role in state level government, overseers of network becoming governors of society Ubaid period (Mesopotamia) - ✔✔• Ubaid period (5000-4000 BC): earliest well-represented period in southern Mesopotamia
  • 7,000 ya - 6,000 ya
  • Farmers after that
  • Temples were built on top of large stepped platforms
  • Examples include the Ziggurats at Eridu and Ur
  • Leonard Woolley
  • Bring site to rest of the world's attention
  • Discovered cemetery = 2,000 burials
  • Mostly simple
  • One area identified as 16 royal tombs (domed, arched tops, ramps)
  • Remains of sacrificial victims = blunt force to head
  • High quantities of mercury = may have taken months to prepare them like smoking them and putting them in the grave
  • Queen's tomb = Puabi
  • Known name based on artifact called cylinder seal (carvings of images and characters), had her name and word Queen, no known association of husband Ur, Mesopotamia - ✔✔- an ancient city in the Sumer region of Mesopotamia
  • burials identified as Royal Graves.
  • Reconstruction of Ur Royal Burial
  • Artifacts from Ur Royal Burial Stage 1 of Writing (Schmandt-Besserat) - ✔✔Dates to 9000 ya and uses clay tokens: they have a variety of geometric shapes.
  • 9000 years ago people were using tokens (16 varieties have been identified) there were used for counters. Maybe for counting the sheep or surplus food being used
  • For administrative functions
  • Tokens are found in public buildings like temples: not found in private residences = a connection between religious leaders and food surplus
  • potentially used to keep track of food information. Stage 2 of Writing (Schmandt-Besserat) - ✔✔- 6000 ya the tokens become much more elaborate
  • 300 varieties of tokens identified. -- Much more elaborate, recording more details, distinctions b/w raw materials and goods manufactured Stage 3 of Writing (Schmandt-Besserat) - ✔✔- 5500ya tokens are no longer separate individual counters
  • tokens are kept in clay envelopes (little round balls called envelopes). - sealed shut in the envelope but they were in the surface of the envelopes to indicate the amount from the outside Stage 4 of Writing (Schmandt-Besserat) - ✔✔- 5200ya they stopped using clay envelopes and instead they would press tokens into wet clay. (picture looks like a flat clay structure with holes) Stage 5 of Writing (Schmandt-Besserat) - ✔✔- 5100ya no longer using tokens
  • scribes pressed symbols directly into the clay tablet using a tool called the "stylus"
  • Started writing. Cuneiform (in Stage 5) - ✔✔• Southern Mesopotamia 3500B.C.
  • written by impressing wedge shaped signs into wet clay using a stylus
  • served an administrative function
  • early tablets were recording things like redistribution of flour, simple economic transactions
  • over the period of 1000 years you see the cuneiform developing to history, math, ethics, etc. Cylinder seals - ✔✔• A characteristic Mesopotamian artifact
  • Smooth cylinder carved with intricate scenes often including humans and animals.
  • Became widespread during the Uruk period.
  • Developed around the same time as the system of writing around Uruk period (period where we see the full shift to civilization).
  • Maybe when merchandise was sealed, they would put a seal on it with the clay and roll the cylinder seal to make sure no one opens it.
  • could be worn
  • unique personal identifiers
  • The era of pyramid building was short lived, with most being constructed during the Old Kingdom Period First intermediate period (Dynasties 9-Mid 11) - ✔✔- 2160 - 2055 BC Middle Kingdom (Dynasties mid 11-13/14) - ✔✔- 2055 - 165 0 BC Second Intermediate Period (Dynasties 15-17) - ✔✔- 1650 - 1550 BC New Kingdom (Dynasties 18-20) - ✔✔- 1550 - 1069 BC
  • Pharaohs developed a powerful army that conquered an expanding empire
  • Thebes became a capital city
  • Magnificent temples and monumental architecture Third Intermediate Period (Dynasties 21-24) - ✔✔- 1069 - 715 BC Rosetta Stone - ✔✔- Discovered in 1799 about 44 inches high and 1680lbs. Engraved in 196 BC.
  • The stone had three types of script
  • hieroglyphics
  • demotic
  • Greek
  • Official order: would probably be written in hieroglyphics
  • demotic is day to day writing
  • Greek was the language of the administration because rulers from Greece went to Egypt to rule. Has some details of some of the accomplishments of the Pharaoh Pharaoh - ✔✔• Title of the king or ruler of ancient Egypt.
  • Used a folded head scarf called the "nemes"
  • Beard is a powerful symbol of authority
  • They were considered to be Gods: thought to have control over the harvests and the flooding. They also had power of construction and social stratification. Djoser's Step Pyramid - ✔✔- Djoser is the name of the Pharaoh.
  • Mastaba: a rectangular mud grip or stone grip tomb. There tombs got bigger and bigger. o About 60 meters high made out of stone and clay. o Made in several stages starting out as a mastaba. o Surrounding the pyramid was a huge enclosure. Within that enclosure there were other buildings. There are galleries beneath the pyramids. There is about 6 meters beneath the ground.
  • Significance: marks the tradition of pyramid building. Pyramids of Sneferu - ✔✔- at Dashur
  • 2600 BC
  • first pyramid built here was the Bent Pyramid
  • the Red Pyramid is the third largest (called the Red Pyramid due to its colour but would have originally been white limestone), 3rd largest in Egypt
  • pyramids have internal structures inside of them and not just underground
  • four pyramids built at site but Sneferu's body has not been found The Great Pyramid of Khufu - ✔✔- At Giza, 2560 BC
  • The son of Sneferu
  • Largest pyramid
  • Took an estimated 23 years to complete
  • The West bank of the Nile river, land of the dead
  • Was the largest structure in the world until the Eiffel tower in 1889
  • demonstrates command of labour force
  • function = sign of power and to keep population busy
  • stones form south of the pyramids
  • Tiny coffins = Tut's daughters with half-sister Ankhensenamun
  • Not good case for murder (maybe broken leg that led to blood infection or malaria) Egyptian Mummification - ✔✔• Probably origins in pre-dynastic period
  • Maybe reproducing drying effects of mummification from hot dry sand
  • Greek Hisotrian traveled to Egypt in 5th century B.C. and depicted process
  • Took 70 days
  • Internal organs removed from cut on left side of body
  • Organs were dried and placed in canopic jars (later back in body)
  • Heart left in body
  • Brain removed and discarded through nasal cavity
  • Bags of natron (salt) backed around body for 40 days
  • After dried body would be wrapped in resin and dressed
  • People have donated bodies to science and mummification has been replicated to study
  • Ramesses II - extremely powerful pharaoh
  • Reigned for 67 years, died at 90
  • Fathered over a 100 children
  • Originally buried in VK but removed and discovered in 1880s in royal cache somewhere else
  • Can examine pathology in mummies and extract DNA Lung-shan Culture - ✔✔- Located in the Yellow River Valley
  • These were fertile river plains
  • Millet, rice, and larger villages laid the foundation for civilization
  • By about 5000 years ago, this culture shows evidence of emerging complexity including elite rulers and monumental architecture such as stamped earth walls (some of the earliest architecture)
  • Large quantities of grave goods (jade)
  • Hang-tu method was used for walls
  • Defensive structures

Shang Civilization - ✔✔- The first historic, urban civilization in northern China

  • Complexity existed before, but the first true date is 3600 ya
  • Powerful ruling class
  • Time of competition/warfare between kingdoms
  • Defensive walls with the rulers houses and temples on the inside and residential houses on the outside Shang Bronze Work - ✔✔- The ability to work with bronze existed before Shang, but it increased the scale
  • Some cities bronze working shops were associated with elite/royal buildings
  • Vessels and weapons, few everyday objects - catered to needs of the ruling class Shang Oracle Bones - ✔✔- Earliest deciphered writing in China, was used for divining the future
  • Found on bronze, likely wrote on organic materials too that have now decomposed
  • Scapulimancy- a process of divining the future in which the scapulae of animals are burned. The pattern of breakage is "read" by a diviner.
  • Ox shoulder blades = nice flat service
  • Flat part of turtle shell
  • Associated with the royal court
  • Last 9 kings have been identified by writing on oracle bones
  • A question, bone heated up, a crack would appear, diviner would interpret crack, writing kept as a record for divination
  • 40 characters have been identified and interpreted (similar to modern Chinese)
  • Possible writing on other perishable material like bamboo strips or silk Shang royal burials near Anyang, China - ✔✔- Lavish graves, deep pits with ramps and a ruler burried in the middle
  • The edges and ramps had sacrificial victims (sometimes dismembered and mutilated)
  • Most people were buried alone
  • Chariot burial: chariot, oxen, charioteers
  • Waterways underground made to produce mechanically with mercury
  • Protected by automatic crossbows to deter grave robbers
  • Most of underground burial has never been excavated
  • Almost nothing left of burial complex
  • Tomb has never been excavated
  • Powerful rulers and social stratification
  • Extent of conspicuous consumption
  • Know main characteristics of each areas as well as general characteristics of civilization Indus Valley (Harappan) Civilization - ✔✔• The Indus Valley Civilization flourished in present day Pakistan and India in the Indus River floodplain and surrounding area.
  • Over 1.25 million square km
  • Rich agriculture landscape
  • Fertile and dependable floodplain
  • Fine silt
  • Food surplus and development of urban society
  • Built up on artificial mounds to avoid flooding
  • the roots of Indus civilization can be seen at sites such as Mehrgarh
  • Occupied as early as 8,500 years ago by farmers who had domesticated wheat and barley and raising goats
  • This farming settlement reveals evidence of larger, permanent dwellings and communal grain storage facilities.
  • Peak at Mature Harappan period
  • High degree of cultural homogenization
  • Mass production of pottery in standardized designs
  • Writing on square or rectangular seals with similar elements
  • Careful architectural planning
  • Baked bricks for construction of standardized size
  • Sites divided into two major areas (lower mound = residential area and craft workshops, larger elevated mound = citadel w/public architecture)
  • Sense of order and emphasis of hygiene (covered waste water)
  • During the Mature Harappan period (about 4,500 to 4,000 years ago) several large, urban centres developed
  • Major Indus Civilization centres include Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa Harappa - ✔✔- A fortified city in the Indus valley of northeastern Pakistan.
  • These sites flourished about 4,500 years ago
  • Damaged by construction of railway in late 1800s, used bricks from Harappa for construction
  • 25,000-40,000 people (potentially 80,000) Mohenjo-Daro - ✔✔- Excavation since 1920s
  • City divided into two areas
  • Approximately 40,000 people (potentially 200,000 people)
  • Large assembly halls
  • Granaries (? - could be used for other storage)
  • Don't see monuments dedicated to one particular individual
  • No evidence that shows Indus Valley rulers demonstrating great power and wealth
  • No rulers have been identified = more egalitarian
  • An early Indus Valley city in south-central Pakistan. Indus Architecture - ✔✔• The Great Bath: 40 feet by 30 feet and 8 feet deep, bricks layered over waterproof tar, drains in corners, wells nearby to fill it, who had access?, bathing for worship?
  • Individual homes have bathing platforms with drains that lead to streets with covered drains that take waste water away & toilets with same access
  • Some signs of social stratification (some houses likely homes of elites because larger, multi- roomed, and some areas more crowded and smaller homes)
  • Don't know a lot about political or social organization (no evidence for warfare, not a lot of weapons)
  • High degree of standardization suggests still formal government with strong administration overseeing the community

Mesoamerica - ✔✔• Region including central and southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador and the western parts of Honduras and Nicaragua

  • Region shares a number of distinct cultural characteristics The Olmec - ✔✔• An early Mesoamerican civilization that occupied the lowlands of the Gulf of Mexico coast
  • 3,400 ya
  • Rich area, 3 major rivers
  • Periodic flooding, rich agriculture
  • Food surplus = non-agricultural labour and trade
  • First Mesoamerican society that moved towards social and political complexity
  • Produce monumental architecture
  • Living in large settlements
  • Emergence of ruling class
  • Social stratification Olmec Regal-Ritual centres include: - ✔✔- San Lorenzo, Mexico
  • La Venta, Mexico
  • For the elite and centre of religious practice
  • Monumental architecture Monumental Olmec Head (colossal head) - ✔✔- 17 surviving
  • 10 ft tall, 20 tons
  • dragged 80-100km to sites
  • different/unique helmets, headdresses, and caps on each
  • fleshy lips (thought to be carved after certain leaders) Altar stones or thrones - ✔✔• About 5 feet tall
  • Ruler or shaman emerging from opening look like emerging from cave
  • Pattern of shared religious expression not seen previously in this region
  • Carved male images with long cranial head (skeletons indicate that cranial deformation was practiced as well - maybe only by elite) The Maya - ✔✔• The Maya are a Mesoamerican civilization centred in Guatemala, Belize, Honduras and eastern Mexico, especially the Yucatán Peninsula
  • In this area for at least 13,000 years
  • By 2,650 years ago, social complexity is reflected by their ability to produce monumental buildings
  • Maya culture dominated this region for 1,500 years
  • Reach peak AD 250 - 800 = development of urban centres/city-states
  • Each city-state ruled by its own dynasty (no one capital city with one ruler)
  • Up to 50 of these cities at its peak
  • Productive agricultural system (maize, beans)
  • Intensive agriculture techniques to increase food production
  • Slash and burn agriculture (clear and burn to create farmland)
  • Construct terraces on steeped slopes to increase available land
  • Engineered landscape to collect rain water, angled plaza, bell-shaped kits lined with plaster to store fresh water
  • Agriculture = increase food surplus = civilization Tikal - ✔✔- an important Mayan City that flourished AD 200-900 (Guatemala)
  • (Image of Temple I - The Temple of the Great Jaguar which commemorates the rule of Jasaw Chan Kawii)
  • Ruler buried at base of the pyramid
  • Dated monuments written on, AD 869 is last one and coincides with unusually low rainfall
  • Numbers of other monumental buildings/palaces
  • One of largest structures in this city state
  • Around 62,000 people