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Fundamental Concepts in Biology, Exams of Biology

A wide range of fundamental concepts in biology, including the structure and function of various biological molecules, cellular organelles, transport mechanisms, energy production processes, genetics, and evolutionary principles. It provides a comprehensive overview of key topics in the field of biology, making it a valuable resource for students and learners interested in understanding the basic principles that govern living organisms. The document delves into the definitions, characteristics, and relationships between concepts such as isotopes, ionic bonds, covalent bonds, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, cellular organelles, transport processes, metabolic pathways, genetic inheritance, and evolutionary mechanisms. By studying this document, readers can gain a solid foundation in the core concepts of biology and develop a deeper appreciation for the complexity and diversity of life.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 10/19/2024

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BIOLOGY 101 FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH 100% VERIFIED
ANSWERS.
Neutron -- Answer โœ”โœ” A particle with no charge (neither positive nor
negative) that is present in the nucleus is called Neutron
Proton -- Answer โœ”โœ” a subatomic particle that has a positive charge
and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
Electron -- Answer โœ”โœ” an elementary particle with negative charge,
negatively charged particle; located outside the atomic nucleus
Mass number -- Answer โœ”โœ” the total number of protons and neutrons
in the nucleus of an atom
atomic number & mass number -- Answer โœ”โœ” atomic number- number
of protons in one atom of the element.
mass number- number of protons + number of neutrons in one atom of
the element
Isotope -- Answer โœ”โœ” atoms of the same element that have different
numbers of neutrons
ionic bond -- Answer โœ”โœ” a chemical bond resulting from the attraction
between oppositely charged ions
nonpolar covalent -- Answer โœ”โœ” Bond formed when electron pairs are
shared equally between atoms.
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BIOLOGY 101 FINAL EXAM

QUESTIONS WITH 100% VERIFIED

ANSWERS.

Neutron -- Answer โœ”โœ” A particle with no charge (neither positive nor negative) that is present in the nucleus is called Neutron Proton -- Answer โœ”โœ” a subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom Electron -- Answer โœ”โœ” an elementary particle with negative charge, negatively charged particle; located outside the atomic nucleus Mass number -- Answer โœ”โœ” the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom atomic number & mass number -- Answer โœ”โœ” atomic number- number of protons in one atom of the element. mass number- number of protons + number of neutrons in one atom of the element Isotope -- Answer โœ”โœ” atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons ionic bond -- Answer โœ”โœ” a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions nonpolar covalent -- Answer โœ”โœ” Bond formed when electron pairs are shared equally between atoms.

polar covalent -- Answer โœ”โœ” a type of bond that forms when electrons are not shared equally hydrogen bonds -- Answer โœ”โœ” very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule adhesion -- Answer โœ”โœ” the clinging of 1 substance to another by means of hydrogen bonds cohesion -- Answer โœ”โœ” tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick to one another surface tension -- Answer โœ”โœ” A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules. solute -- Answer โœ”โœ” the dissolved substance in a solution solution -- Answer โœ”โœ” a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances solvent -- Answer โœ”โœ” a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances acid -- Answer โœ”โœ” compound that donates H+ ions to an aqueous solution and measures less than 7 on the pH scale base -- Answer โœ”โœ” any substance that forms hydroxide ions in water and has a pH above 7 ph -- Answer โœ”โœ” A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to - log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14. 4 classes of macromolecules -- Answer โœ”โœ” A. Carbohydrates. B. Lipids. C. Proteins. D. Nucleic Acids.

prokaryotic cells -- Answer โœ”โœ” These cells do not have a nucleus nor do they have any membrane-bound organelles...examples include Archae and Bacteria cells. smallest, simplest and oldest eukaryotic cells -- Answer โœ”โœ” have membrane-bound organelles; have membrane-bound nucleus (with DNA inside); larger than prokaryotic; some have a tough outer wall (plants); single and multicellular (animals, plants, fungi, protists); plasma membrane present plant cells -- Answer โœ”โœ” A small living part of a multicellular organism that makes its own food in chloroplast and reproduces sexually or asexually. animal cells -- Answer โœ”โœ” ... nucleus -- Answer โœ”โœ” the center of the atom which contains the protons and neutrons; in cells, structure that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities nucleolus -- Answer โœ”โœ” a small round body of protein in a cell nucleus ribosomes -- Answer โœ”โœ” find on endoplasmic reticulum; site of protein production rough endoplasmic reticulum -- Answer โœ”โœ” System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm smooth endoplasmic reticulum -- Answer โœ”โœ” ... Golgi apparatus -- Answer โœ”โœ” A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell lysosomes -- Answer โœ”โœ” cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

central vacuole -- Answer โœ”โœ” ... mitochondria -- Answer โœ”โœ” Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production chloroplasts -- Answer โœ”โœ” plastid containing chlorophyll and other pigments passive transport -- Answer โœ”โœ” transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion osmosis -- Answer โœ”โœ” diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal simple diffusion -- Answer โœ”โœ” movement from a high concentration area to a low concentration area, only works with oily substances, needs to cross oily cell membrane (nonpolar substances), no energy is required facilitated diffusion -- Answer โœ”โœ” pathway provided by transport proteins that helps certain molecules pass through a membrane isotonic -- Answer โœ”โœ” when the concentration of two solutions is the same hypertonic -- Answer โœ”โœ” having a higher concentration of solute than another solution hypertonic solutions -- Answer โœ”โœ” those with higher solute concentrations and lower water concentrations; cells placed in these solutions undergo CRENATION metabolism -- Answer โœ”โœ” set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes

citric acid cycle -- Answer โœ”โœ” Krebs Cycle , this process occurs only in the matrix of the mitochondria, 2 acetyl CoA> 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + Co2 + 2 ATP oxidative phosphorylation -- Answer โœ”โœ” includes electron transport chain and chemiosmosis, occurs between matrix and intermembrane space on the cristae chemiosmosis -- Answer โœ”โœ” describes the process in which energy stored in a H+ gradient is used for ATP synthesis photosynthesis -- Answer โœ”โœ” the process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy formula for photosynthesis -- Answer โœ”โœ” 6H2O + 6CO2+ Light Energy ----> C6H12O6+ 6O 2 pathways of photosynthesis -- Answer โœ”โœ” 1. light dependent reactions

  1. light independent reactions (calvin cycle) light dependent reactions occur -- Answer โœ”โœ” across the thylakoid membranes and produces ATP and NADPH light independent reactions or calvin cycle occur -- Answer โœ”โœ” in the stroma and produce sugar interphase -- Answer โœ”โœ” Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases G1 -- Answer โœ”โœ” in interphase - cell grows rapidly, builds new organelles, phase where the cell spends most time S Phase -- Answer โœ”โœ” The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.

G2 phase -- Answer โœ”โœ” stage of interphase in which cell duplicates its cytosol and organelles mitotic phase -- Answer โœ”โœ” the part of the cell cycle when mitosis divides the nucleus and distributes its chromosomes to the daughter nuclei and cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells. somatic cell -- Answer โœ”โœ” any of the cells of a plant or animal except the reproductive cells nounEx. a cell that does not participate in the production of gametes; "somatic cells are produced from preexisting cells"; 46 chromosomes reproductive cell -- Answer โœ”โœ” An egg or sperm cell. Each mature cell carries a single set of 23 chromosomes. diploid -- Answer โœ”โœ” term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes haploid -- Answer โœ”โœ” an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes meiosis I -- Answer โœ”โœ” The first division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell. Meiosis II -- Answer โœ”โœ” the second phase of meiosis consisting of chromatids separating, along with the two diploid cells splitting in two Mitosis -- Answer โœ”โœ” cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes allele -- Answer โœ”โœ” one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color.

F2 generation -- Answer โœ”โœ” the second generation of offspring, obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms; the offspring of the F1 generation complete dominance -- Answer โœ”โœ” a type of inheritance in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable. Mendel's purple and white flower cross. incomplete dominance -- Answer โœ”โœ” creates a blended phenotype; one allele is not completely dominant over the other. ex. white and red snapdragons make pink. codominance -- Answer โœ”โœ” situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism. ex A & B blood types epistatis -- Answer โœ”โœ” 2 separate genes control 1 trait, but 1 gene MASKS the expression of the other one ex: mouse skin color BbCc x BbCc 9:3: Black:brown:white another example is labrador puppies sex linked gene -- Answer โœ”โœ” gene located on the X or Y chromosome. ex color blind example monohybrid -- Answer โœ”โœ” a hybrid produced by crossing parents that are homozygous except for a single gene locus that has two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas) chromosome deletions -- Answer โœ”โœ” Occurs when a chromosome breaks during meiosis and the broken piece is lost. chromosome duplication -- Answer โœ”โœ” a DNA segment in a chromosome which is a copy of another segment translocations -- Answer โœ”โœ” occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another

inversions -- Answer โœ”โœ” reversal of a segment of DNA within a chromosome. nitrogenous bases of DNA -- Answer โœ”โœ” Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine DNA ligase -- Answer โœ”โœ” A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of one DNA fragment (such as an Okazaki fragment) to the 5' end of another DNA fragment (such as a growing DNA chain). DNA primase -- Answer โœ”โœ” An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer. DNA helicase -- Answer โœ”โœ” an enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication DNA topoisomerase -- Answer โœ”โœ” enzyme that uncoils supercoils from DNA DNA polymerase -- Answer โœ”โœ” enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule complementary strands -- Answer โœ”โœ” relation between two nucleotide strands of DNA in which each purine on one strand pairs with a specific pyrimidine on the opposite strand - A and T; C and G lagging strand -- Answer โœ”โœ” The newly forming daughter strand of DNA that is replicated in a discontinuous fashion, via Okazaki fragments that will ultimately be ligated together; the daughter strand that is replicated in the opposite direction that parallel DNA is unwinding leading strand -- Answer โœ”โœ” the new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' --> 3' direction

virus -- Answer โœ”โœ” A non-cellular infectious agent that has two characteristics: (1) It has genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protective protein coat. (2) It cannot reproduce on its own. virion -- Answer โœ”โœ” a completely assembled, infectious virus outside its host cell prion -- Answer โœ”โœ” infectious particle made up of protein rather than RNA or DNA evolution -- Answer โœ”โœ” (biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms natural selection -- Answer โœ”โœ” the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations gene flow -- Answer โœ”โœ” exchange of genes between populations genetic drift -- Answer โœ”โœ” The gradual changes in gene frequencies in a population due to random events founder effect -- Answer โœ”โœ” change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population bottleneck effect -- Answer โœ”โœ” Genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disaster or human actions. Typically, the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population. gene pool changes -- Answer โœ”โœ” populations begin adapting to new local environment, specifically food choice. Beak size changes based on directional selection, now have a species B Darwin wrote -- Answer โœ”โœ” English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882), Founder of

modern evolution theory, "Origin of Species By Means Of Natural Selection" 1859 Alfred Wallace -- Answer โœ”โœ” also proposed the theory of evolution along with Darwin hierarchical classification -- Answer โœ”โœ” domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species 3 domains -- Answer โœ”โœ” Bacteria, archaea, eukarya 5 groups of bacteria -- Answer โœ”โœ” Proteobacteria, gram-positive bacteria, spirochetes, chlamydias, and cyanobacteria 3 groups of archaea -- Answer โœ”โœ” methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles endospore -- Answer โœ”โœ” a thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions fimbriae -- Answer โœ”โœ” hair-like structures that are shorter, thinner, and straighter than flagella - used for attachment, not movement sex pili -- Answer โœ”โœ” elongated, hollow appendages that pull 2 cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to the other found in bacterium taxis -- Answer โœ”โœ” the ability to move toward or away from stimulus transformation -- Answer โœ”โœ” bacteria attain genetic material from their environment conjugation -- Answer โœ”โœ” two individuals join and exchange genetic material stored in a small second nucleus

dinoflagellates -- Answer โœ”โœ” any of chiefly marine plankton, haves 2 flagella,, mostly marine plantlike protists, light up, can cause red tide, have 2 flagella, may be bioluminescent, have stiff protective plates apicomplexans -- Answer โœ”โœ” parasites of animals, and some cause serious human diseases plasmodium (malaria) ciliates -- Answer โœ”โœ” a type of protozoa that moves using hairlike cilia stramenopiles -- Answer โœ”โœ” protists, also known as heterokonts, named for straw-like hairs on their longer flagellum, includes autotrophic diatoms and giant kelp; heterotrophic plant and animal pathogens oomycetes -- Answer โœ”โœ” are a stramenopiles, filaments termed hypae, function as decomposers in aquatic ecosystems or as parasites