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BIOLOGY 101 FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH 100% VERIFIED
ANSWERS.
Neutron -- Answer โโ A particle with no charge (neither positive nor negative) that is present in the nucleus is called Neutron Proton -- Answer โโ a subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom Electron -- Answer โโ an elementary particle with negative charge, negatively charged particle; located outside the atomic nucleus Mass number -- Answer โโ the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom atomic number & mass number -- Answer โโ atomic number- number of protons in one atom of the element. mass number- number of protons + number of neutrons in one atom of the element Isotope -- Answer โโ atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons ionic bond -- Answer โโ a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions nonpolar covalent -- Answer โโ Bond formed when electron pairs are shared equally between atoms.
polar covalent -- Answer โโ a type of bond that forms when electrons are not shared equally hydrogen bonds -- Answer โโ very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule adhesion -- Answer โโ the clinging of 1 substance to another by means of hydrogen bonds cohesion -- Answer โโ tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick to one another surface tension -- Answer โโ A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules. solute -- Answer โโ the dissolved substance in a solution solution -- Answer โโ a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances solvent -- Answer โโ a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances acid -- Answer โโ compound that donates H+ ions to an aqueous solution and measures less than 7 on the pH scale base -- Answer โโ any substance that forms hydroxide ions in water and has a pH above 7 ph -- Answer โโ A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to - log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14. 4 classes of macromolecules -- Answer โโ A. Carbohydrates. B. Lipids. C. Proteins. D. Nucleic Acids.
prokaryotic cells -- Answer โโ These cells do not have a nucleus nor do they have any membrane-bound organelles...examples include Archae and Bacteria cells. smallest, simplest and oldest eukaryotic cells -- Answer โโ have membrane-bound organelles; have membrane-bound nucleus (with DNA inside); larger than prokaryotic; some have a tough outer wall (plants); single and multicellular (animals, plants, fungi, protists); plasma membrane present plant cells -- Answer โโ A small living part of a multicellular organism that makes its own food in chloroplast and reproduces sexually or asexually. animal cells -- Answer โโ ... nucleus -- Answer โโ the center of the atom which contains the protons and neutrons; in cells, structure that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities nucleolus -- Answer โโ a small round body of protein in a cell nucleus ribosomes -- Answer โโ find on endoplasmic reticulum; site of protein production rough endoplasmic reticulum -- Answer โโ System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm smooth endoplasmic reticulum -- Answer โโ ... Golgi apparatus -- Answer โโ A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell lysosomes -- Answer โโ cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell
central vacuole -- Answer โโ ... mitochondria -- Answer โโ Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production chloroplasts -- Answer โโ plastid containing chlorophyll and other pigments passive transport -- Answer โโ transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion osmosis -- Answer โโ diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal simple diffusion -- Answer โโ movement from a high concentration area to a low concentration area, only works with oily substances, needs to cross oily cell membrane (nonpolar substances), no energy is required facilitated diffusion -- Answer โโ pathway provided by transport proteins that helps certain molecules pass through a membrane isotonic -- Answer โโ when the concentration of two solutions is the same hypertonic -- Answer โโ having a higher concentration of solute than another solution hypertonic solutions -- Answer โโ those with higher solute concentrations and lower water concentrations; cells placed in these solutions undergo CRENATION metabolism -- Answer โโ set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes
citric acid cycle -- Answer โโ Krebs Cycle , this process occurs only in the matrix of the mitochondria, 2 acetyl CoA> 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + Co2 + 2 ATP oxidative phosphorylation -- Answer โโ includes electron transport chain and chemiosmosis, occurs between matrix and intermembrane space on the cristae chemiosmosis -- Answer โโ describes the process in which energy stored in a H+ gradient is used for ATP synthesis photosynthesis -- Answer โโ the process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy formula for photosynthesis -- Answer โโ 6H2O + 6CO2+ Light Energy ----> C6H12O6+ 6O 2 pathways of photosynthesis -- Answer โโ 1. light dependent reactions
- light independent reactions (calvin cycle) light dependent reactions occur -- Answer โโ across the thylakoid membranes and produces ATP and NADPH light independent reactions or calvin cycle occur -- Answer โโ in the stroma and produce sugar interphase -- Answer โโ Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases G1 -- Answer โโ in interphase - cell grows rapidly, builds new organelles, phase where the cell spends most time S Phase -- Answer โโ The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
G2 phase -- Answer โโ stage of interphase in which cell duplicates its cytosol and organelles mitotic phase -- Answer โโ the part of the cell cycle when mitosis divides the nucleus and distributes its chromosomes to the daughter nuclei and cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells. somatic cell -- Answer โโ any of the cells of a plant or animal except the reproductive cells nounEx. a cell that does not participate in the production of gametes; "somatic cells are produced from preexisting cells"; 46 chromosomes reproductive cell -- Answer โโ An egg or sperm cell. Each mature cell carries a single set of 23 chromosomes. diploid -- Answer โโ term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes haploid -- Answer โโ an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes meiosis I -- Answer โโ The first division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell. Meiosis II -- Answer โโ the second phase of meiosis consisting of chromatids separating, along with the two diploid cells splitting in two Mitosis -- Answer โโ cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes allele -- Answer โโ one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color.
F2 generation -- Answer โโ the second generation of offspring, obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms; the offspring of the F1 generation complete dominance -- Answer โโ a type of inheritance in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable. Mendel's purple and white flower cross. incomplete dominance -- Answer โโ creates a blended phenotype; one allele is not completely dominant over the other. ex. white and red snapdragons make pink. codominance -- Answer โโ situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism. ex A & B blood types epistatis -- Answer โโ 2 separate genes control 1 trait, but 1 gene MASKS the expression of the other one ex: mouse skin color BbCc x BbCc 9:3: Black:brown:white another example is labrador puppies sex linked gene -- Answer โโ gene located on the X or Y chromosome. ex color blind example monohybrid -- Answer โโ a hybrid produced by crossing parents that are homozygous except for a single gene locus that has two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas) chromosome deletions -- Answer โโ Occurs when a chromosome breaks during meiosis and the broken piece is lost. chromosome duplication -- Answer โโ a DNA segment in a chromosome which is a copy of another segment translocations -- Answer โโ occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another
inversions -- Answer โโ reversal of a segment of DNA within a chromosome. nitrogenous bases of DNA -- Answer โโ Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine DNA ligase -- Answer โโ A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of one DNA fragment (such as an Okazaki fragment) to the 5' end of another DNA fragment (such as a growing DNA chain). DNA primase -- Answer โโ An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer. DNA helicase -- Answer โโ an enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication DNA topoisomerase -- Answer โโ enzyme that uncoils supercoils from DNA DNA polymerase -- Answer โโ enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule complementary strands -- Answer โโ relation between two nucleotide strands of DNA in which each purine on one strand pairs with a specific pyrimidine on the opposite strand - A and T; C and G lagging strand -- Answer โโ The newly forming daughter strand of DNA that is replicated in a discontinuous fashion, via Okazaki fragments that will ultimately be ligated together; the daughter strand that is replicated in the opposite direction that parallel DNA is unwinding leading strand -- Answer โโ the new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' --> 3' direction
virus -- Answer โโ A non-cellular infectious agent that has two characteristics: (1) It has genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protective protein coat. (2) It cannot reproduce on its own. virion -- Answer โโ a completely assembled, infectious virus outside its host cell prion -- Answer โโ infectious particle made up of protein rather than RNA or DNA evolution -- Answer โโ (biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms natural selection -- Answer โโ the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations gene flow -- Answer โโ exchange of genes between populations genetic drift -- Answer โโ The gradual changes in gene frequencies in a population due to random events founder effect -- Answer โโ change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population bottleneck effect -- Answer โโ Genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disaster or human actions. Typically, the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population. gene pool changes -- Answer โโ populations begin adapting to new local environment, specifically food choice. Beak size changes based on directional selection, now have a species B Darwin wrote -- Answer โโ English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882), Founder of
modern evolution theory, "Origin of Species By Means Of Natural Selection" 1859 Alfred Wallace -- Answer โโ also proposed the theory of evolution along with Darwin hierarchical classification -- Answer โโ domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species 3 domains -- Answer โโ Bacteria, archaea, eukarya 5 groups of bacteria -- Answer โโ Proteobacteria, gram-positive bacteria, spirochetes, chlamydias, and cyanobacteria 3 groups of archaea -- Answer โโ methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles endospore -- Answer โโ a thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions fimbriae -- Answer โโ hair-like structures that are shorter, thinner, and straighter than flagella - used for attachment, not movement sex pili -- Answer โโ elongated, hollow appendages that pull 2 cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to the other found in bacterium taxis -- Answer โโ the ability to move toward or away from stimulus transformation -- Answer โโ bacteria attain genetic material from their environment conjugation -- Answer โโ two individuals join and exchange genetic material stored in a small second nucleus
dinoflagellates -- Answer โโ any of chiefly marine plankton, haves 2 flagella,, mostly marine plantlike protists, light up, can cause red tide, have 2 flagella, may be bioluminescent, have stiff protective plates apicomplexans -- Answer โโ parasites of animals, and some cause serious human diseases plasmodium (malaria) ciliates -- Answer โโ a type of protozoa that moves using hairlike cilia stramenopiles -- Answer โโ protists, also known as heterokonts, named for straw-like hairs on their longer flagellum, includes autotrophic diatoms and giant kelp; heterotrophic plant and animal pathogens oomycetes -- Answer โโ are a stramenopiles, filaments termed hypae, function as decomposers in aquatic ecosystems or as parasites
