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Fundamental Frequency and Voice Characteristics, Exams of Health sciences

Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU)Health sciences

A comprehensive overview of fundamental frequency and its relationship to various voice characteristics. It covers topics such as the measurement of fundamental frequency, the different types of vocal registers (modal, pulse, and loft), the influence of pitch on voice quality, and the challenges in calculating voice perturbation. The document also discusses the importance of fundamental frequency in assessing and monitoring voice changes, particularly in the context of voice therapy and treatment. It offers insights into the physiological mechanisms underlying vocal fold oscillation and how they contribute to the perceived qualities of the human voice. Overall, this document serves as a valuable resource for understanding the fundamental aspects of voice production and the role of frequency in shaping vocal characteristics.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 08/27/2024

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COMD 5070 Fundamental Frequency Exam
1Hz= - ANSWER-1 cycle per second
A person's ability to adjust their Fo can be reflective of what? - ANSWER-overall
laryngeal health
sometimes neuromuscular function in terms of altering the pitch of their voice
A semitone is never a _______ number of Hz. - ANSWER-Fixed number of Hz;
changing one octave is a bigger change in Hz higher up the scale; we have increased a
greater number of Hz as we go further up the frequency range
Certain patterns of physiology tend to be associated with - ANSWER-certain
fundamental frequency ranges.
Describe a sawtooth waveform? - ANSWER-What the human voice is without the
influence of the vocal tract. It contains the fundamental frequency and the harmonic
components which slope off in their amplitude, or become less intense, as you go
higher and higher in frequency.
Describe how a period of a signal and its frequency are inversly related. - ANSWER-*As
frequency of a signal increases the duration of each cycle (period) decreases.
*period is simply the duration between 1 peak and the next peak or 1 trough to the next
trough as it repeats over time.
Describe modal register. - ANSWER-*also called chest voice
*typical speaking voice
*used for mid-range singing
*wide dynamic range; very soft to very loud
Describe the analogy of semitone and stairs. - ANSWER-Stairs are all equal in height.
But if they were made in semitone fashion the first step would be very small, the next
would double its size and so on so that as you go up each successive step would get
taller and taller to the point that you would need a ladder to reach some of them.
Describe the measurement unit for fundamental frequency. - ANSWER-Fo: represents
the number of cycles that occur in one second
*in the human voice it's the number of times that the vocal folds open and close as they
vibrate during one second
frequency= - ANSWER-1/period; the frequency is defined as the inverse of the period
How do cancer patients who have lost their larynx speak? - ANSWER-they use the
esophageal sphincter which vibrates for the voice; has a functional filter so they can
shape sounds; sound source is only thing that is different
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COMD 5070 Fundamental Frequency Exam

1Hz= - ANSWER-1 cycle per second A person's ability to adjust their Fo can be reflective of what? - ANSWER-overall laryngeal health sometimes neuromuscular function in terms of altering the pitch of their voice A semitone is never a _______ number of Hz. - ANSWER-Fixed number of Hz; changing one octave is a bigger change in Hz higher up the scale; we have increased a greater number of Hz as we go further up the frequency range Certain patterns of physiology tend to be associated with - ANSWER-certain fundamental frequency ranges. Describe a sawtooth waveform? - ANSWER-What the human voice is without the influence of the vocal tract. It contains the fundamental frequency and the harmonic components which slope off in their amplitude, or become less intense, as you go higher and higher in frequency. Describe how a period of a signal and its frequency are inversly related. - ANSWER-*As frequency of a signal increases the duration of each cycle (period) decreases. period is simply the duration between 1 peak and the next peak or 1 trough to the next trough as it repeats over time. Describe modal register. - ANSWER-also called chest voice *typical speaking voice *used for mid-range singing *wide dynamic range; very soft to very loud Describe the analogy of semitone and stairs. - ANSWER-Stairs are all equal in height. But if they were made in semitone fashion the first step would be very small, the next would double its size and so on so that as you go up each successive step would get taller and taller to the point that you would need a ladder to reach some of them. Describe the measurement unit for fundamental frequency. - ANSWER-Fo: represents the number of cycles that occur in one second *in the human voice it's the number of times that the vocal folds open and close as they vibrate during one second frequency= - ANSWER-1/period; the frequency is defined as the inverse of the period How do cancer patients who have lost their larynx speak? - ANSWER-they use the esophageal sphincter which vibrates for the voice; has a functional filter so they can shape sounds; sound source is only thing that is different

How does glissando help with max and min range? - ANSWER-rather than just targeting the very lowest and very highest in isolation, it can be easier to do a glissando where you glide upward or downward from a comfortable range so that you have continuous phonation up to highest or down to lowest pitch How does vocal quality change? - ANSWER-At pitch extremes; the nature of vocal fold oscillation changes between very low-pitch phonation and very high pitch phonation How is fundamental frequency measured? - ANSWER-*Hz or cycles per second can be derived by a computer; software calculates how many times the vocal folds oscillate How long of segment do you need to get a good representation of speech? - ANSWER- about 30 sec Human perceptual system is more aligned with __________ than ________ scale. - ANSWER-semitone or non linear scale than it would be with linear scale in Hz; like a musical instrument: at the higher end of the keyboard one semitone spans a greater frequency range in Hz; at the lower end of the key board in the low pitch range one semitone is actually smaller in terms of Hz. If sine wave components are not in a harmonic relationship what happens? - ANSWER- The wave may change irregularly from cycle to cycle or at least it may change in patterns that come and go, or wax and wane over many cycles. It would no longer be a periodic signal. If sine waves are in a harmonic relationship to one another they are what? - ANSWER- Mathematical multiples of lowest frequency compenent and you have a periodic signal. In loft register how does the cover of the vocal folds oscillate? - ANSWER-you don't get the contribution of the thryo-arytenoid muscle so the surface of the vocal folds is stretched very tightly and it's only the medial edge that's involved in oscillation In loft register what is the waveform like? - ANSWER-almost like a sine wave *can sound a bit like a pure tone when you get to high notes in falsetto In modal register how does the whole mass of vocal folds oscillate? - ANSWER-all the way down to the thyroaritenoid muscle; all layers of lamina propria and the mucosal covering on top are involved in oscillation during modal phonation. In music, one octave has _________ semitones. - ANSWER-12 semitones; going up one octave doubles the frequency Measuring frequency with modern technolgy can be done with software, but is has to be able to do what? - ANSWER-find out where one period begins and another ends;

*very different quality of phonation *doesn't have harmonic richness like modal somewhat thinner/more akin to puretone because you don't have as many harmonic components What are the different types of registers? - ANSWER-modal pulse loft What are the main differences between pulse register and modal register? - ANSWER- modal: wide dynamic range pulse: limited pitch range limited loudness range vocal folds relatively slack low driving pressure from lungs What areas help determine appropriate pitch in speech? - ANSWER-gender *age emotional state What do you use when you want to measure a persons fundamental frequency range? - ANSWER-Maximum performance task mean Fo and STSD (semitone standard deviation) in speech show what the speaker typically does What do you want to do if you have a client whose pitch is too high or too low perceptually? why? - ANSWER-Make measures of their fundamental frequency to document where they started out during your assessment and then how they've progressed over time during treatment; can set targets/goals numerically based to aim for during therapy What does aperiodic mean? - ANSWER-the signal has no repititon at all *an example is noise *no way to predict what the waveforem will look like in the next milliseconds *no fundamental frequency What does the fundamental frequency range show? - ANSWER-what the voice can do have them phonate /a/ in lowest modal voice then have them go up and phonate /a/ in highest falsetto voice; measure their physical Fo to find out what their range is like; this would be their physiological Fo range What happens when you try to move between registers? - ANSWER-you run into uneven territory (turbulence)

What is a fundamental algorithm? - ANSWER-It is the software program that calculates fundamental frequency. What is a vocal register? - ANSWER-*a pattern of physiological activity of the vocal fold in terms of the way those vocal folds oscillate *not simply a region of fundamental frequencies physiology changes across register, more than just the pitch What is fundamental frequency? - ANSWER-The lowest frequency *Reflects the rate at which the vocal folds are vibrating *Lowest rate of repitition; assumes there is repitition Highest amplitude harmonic component of all the individual waves that add up together to make the voice specturm What is important when calculating perturbation? - ANSWER-Precision is needed so we can know exactly what the period is of for each cycle. If you only have an approximate estimate of fundamental frequency you would not be able to make these perturbation measures which are quite reflective of voice quality. What is periodicity? - ANSWER-the property of a signal that repeats or recurs over time. *individual cycle looks like any other;each looks like its neighbor *simple or complex it doesn't matter; if it repeats exactly then it is periodic no variablity What is pitch influenced by? - ANSWER-spectral properties of a sound *balance of different frequency components that are present in a complex wave that we hear whether a sound is louder or softer may influence very slightly the pitch we perceive What is pulse register? - ANSWER-also called vocal fry *occurs at very low fundamental frequency range *voice has a pulsatile quality;can perceive individual glottal pulses *vocal folds are relatively slack *lower gravelly sounding voice *low driving pressure (sub-glottic) from the lungs *very limited pitch range limited loudness or dynamic range What is the dominant frequency in loft register? - ANSWER-the fundamental frequency in some cases almost all that we hear What is the loft register? - ANSWER-also called falsetto *vocal folds are stretched extremely tight *cricothyroid stretching at front of larynx creates very high fundamental frequency