Fundamental Principles of Pharmacology: Exam Questions and Answers, Exams of Pharmacology

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FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF

PHARMACOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND

ANSWERS 100% CORRECT!!!!

Pharmacology - ANSWER is the study of drugs. This broad area of study includes characteristics of various drugs, methods used to administer drugs, how drugs move through the body, and the body's responses to drugs. As a nurse, your understanding of pharmacologic principles is critical for the well-being of your clients.

bioavailability - ANSWER is defined as the rate and extent to which the active ingredient is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of drug action to produce its effect.

chemical names - ANSWER are assigned using standard nomenclature established by the IUPAC. a drug has only one chemical name. sodium chloride, lithium carbonate.

chemical group name - ANSWER drugs named and classified by a portion of their chemical structure. fluoroquinolones, benzodiazepine.

combination drugs - ANSWER drugs with more than one active generic ingredient.

drug - ANSWER drug is any substance that is taken to prevent, cure, or reduce symptoms of a medical condition.

exclusivity - ANSWER a period during which competing companies are not allowed to market generic versions of the product (pharmaceutical brand name drug), in order to recoup funds loss during research and development. Gives companies incentive to develop new and unique drugs. typical 5-year exclusivity; with flexibility to extend depends on certain factors.

generic name - ANSWER the name of a drug assigned by the U.S. adopted name council, usually less complicated and easier to remember. one generic name for each drug. suffix -lol indicate beta-adrenergic blockers, suffix -statin denotes a lipid-lowering drug.

indications - ANSWER it is the condition for which a drug has been approved. it is expected that all prescription drugs have some degree of effectiveness at treating or preventing a health condition.

pharmacologic classification - ANSWER describes how the drug acts on the body.

preclinical and clinical data to assess whether the proposed new drug is safe and effective.

orphan disease - ANSWER a serious, although rare, disease that affects fewer than 200,000 people in the United States.

The Orphan Drug Act - ANSWER became law in 1983, provides drug manufacturers for orphan diseases, development grants, tax credits, and 7 years exclusivity to market it.

patent medicines - ANSWER medicines that rose in early America with no regulation of what it contained; they were patented with a brand name. It claim to cure about any symptom or disease, when were often harmless and ineffective (food coloring, flavoring and aromatics). Some were hazardous, (cocaine, heroin, morphine) were a large portion of their ingredients. Vick's vapor rub, Phillip's milk of magnesia.

pharmacopeia - ANSWER a medical reference summarizing standards of drug purity, strength, and directions for synthesis.

placebo - ANSWER an inert substance that serves as a control "non-treatment" group.

postmarketing surveillance - ANSWER stage 4 of the drug approval process, after NDA is completed, survey for harmful drug effects in a larger population.

preclinical research - ANSWER the first stage of drug development. involves extensive laboratory testing by the pharmaceutical company to determine drug action and to predict whether the drug will cause harm to humans.

scheduled drugs - ANSWER drugs that have a significant potential for abuse and are placed into 5 categories, schedules. regulated according to degree of potential of abuse.

Pharmacologic classification of a medication is based on the drug's mechanism of action; for example, the mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers is to block the calcium channels of the heart, and the mechanism of action of a local anesthetic is to interfere with nerve transmission.

pharmacology - ANSWER the study of medicines.

pharmacotherapy - ANSWER or pharmacotherapeutics, is the application of drugs for the purpose of disease prevention and treatment of suffering. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - ANSWER the regulatory agency responsible for ensuring that drugs and medical devices are safe and effective.

enteric-coated - ANSWER tablets with a hard waxy coating that enables them to resist acidity. they are designed to dissolve in the alkaline environment of the small intestine.

expiration date - ANSWER is an approximation as to when the medications will begin to lose their effectiveness.

storage factors that can influence drug effectiveness: - ANSWER 1. temperature- room temperature, sometimes refrigerated/frozen. Heat can degrade drug faster.

2. light-drugs are sensitive to light and degrade with exposure.
3. moisture and air-sometimes drugs interact with atmospheric gases or with water vapor.

extended release - ANSWER XR, XL, LA, SR medications are designed to dissolve very slowly, resulting in a longer duration of action for the medication.

household system of measurement - ANSWER not used frequently, but familiar to the American household. teaspoon, tablespoon, cup.

medication administration record (MAR) - ANSWER documented record of the drugs given to the patient after administered. including drug name, dosage, time, assessments, nurse's signature. transition to electronic medical records (EMR).

metric system of measurement - ANSWER the most common system of drug measurement. Volume (liter, cubic centimeter=1mL of fluid), Weight (kg, g, mg, mcg)

rectal route - ANSWER may be used for either local or system drug delivery through the anus.

topical route - ANSWER medications applied to the skin or membranous linings of the eye, ear, nose, respiratory tract, urinary tract, vagina and rectum. types: dermatological preparations, installations and irritations, inhalations.

enteral route - ANSWER include drugs delivered to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, either orally or through nasogastric or gastrotomy tubes. the most common, most effective, least costly and safest.

hepatic microsomal enzyme system - ANSWER liver enzymes that metabolize drugs as well as nutrients and other endogenous substances; sometimes called the P-450 (CYP) system.

isozymes - ANSWER multiple similar forms of an enzyme that perform slightly different metabolic functions.

loading dose - ANSWER a higher amount of drug, often give only once or twice, is administered to "prime" the bloodstream with a level sufficient to quickly induce a therapeutic response.

Maintenence dosage - ANSWER dosages given to keep the plasma drug concentration in the therapeutic range.

metabolism - ANSWER biotransformation, the process used by the body to chemically change a drug molecule.

minimum effect concentration - ANSWER the minimal amount of drug required to produce a therapeutic effect.

pharmacokinetics - ANSWER the study of drug movement throughout the body. it describes what the body does to the medication after it is administered. 4categories: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion.

plasma half-life (t1/2) - ANSWER most common description of a drug's duration if action. it is the length of time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to decrease by one half after administration.

prodrugs - ANSWER agents that require metabolism to produce their action.

substrate - ANSWER a drug that is metabolized by a CYP is a substrate for the enzyme.

therapeutic drug monitoring - ANSWER the monitoring of plasma levels of drugs that have a low safety margin and use these data to predict drug action or toxicity. to keep drug dosage within a predetermined therapeutic range.

therapeutic range - ANSWER range of dosage that produces the desired effects of a drug.

toxic concentration - ANSWER the level of drug that results in serious adverse effects.

additive effect - ANSWER pharmacodynamic drug interaction that is easiest to visualize, in this interaction, two drugs from a similar therapeutic class produce a combined summation response.

adverse drug effect - ANSWER is an undesirable and potentially harmful action caused by the administration of medicine.

Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) - ANSWER is a voluntary program that encourages health care providers and consumers to report suspected adverse effects directly to the FDA or the product manufacturer.

antagonistic effect - ANSWER type of pharmacodynamic drug interaction, occurs when adding a second drug results in a diminished pharmacologic response. result in drug action being cancelled.

Black Box Warning - ANSWER the drug insert that warns prescribers that the drug carries a risk for a serious or even fatal adverse effect.

enzyme induction - ANSWER drugs with the ability to increase metabolic activity in the liver.

excretion - ANSWER drugs removed from the body. primary site is the kidneys.

fetal-placenta barrier - ANSWER a special barrier that inhibit many chemicals and drugs from exiting the blood. serves to prevent potentially harmful substances from passing from the mother's bloodstream to the fetuses. it is ineffective because many harmful substances are still permeable.

first-pass effect - ANSWER mechanisms whereby drugs are absorbed, enter into the hepatic portal circulation, and are inactivated by the liver before they reach the general circulation.

polypharmacy - ANSWER patients who receive multiple prescriptions, sometimes for the same condition, that have conflicting pharmacologic actions. most often seen in older groups.

risk management - ANSWER department that examine risks and minimizes the number of medication errors. personnel investigate incidents, tract data, identify problems, and provide recommendations for improvement.

10 rights of drug administration - ANSWER Right dose, Right medication, Right patient, Right route of administration, Right time of medication administration, Right patient education, Right documentation of medication administration, Right of the patient to refuse the medication, Right assessment prior to drug administration, Right evaluation following drug administration.

four steps of the nursing process - ANSWER 1. Assessment

2. Planning
3. Implementation
4. Evaluation

parenteral route - ANSWER refers to the administration of drugs by routes other than enteral or topical.

addiction - ANSWER an overwhelming compulsion that drives someone to repeat drug-taking behavior, despite serious health and social consequences. depends on agent/drug factors, user factors, and environmental factors.

anterograde amnesia - ANSWER a type of short term memory loss where the user cannot remember events that occur while under the influence of the drug.

idiosyncratic response - ANSWER an adverse drug effect that produces an unusual and unexpected response that is not related to the pharmacologic action of the drug. not classified as allergies because they are not immune related.

risk-benefit ratio - ANSWER when the benefits of taking a drug with carcinogenic potential may outweigh the long-term risks. a patient has a condition that is likely to cause premature death if left untreated, benefits of treating the patient now to extend life is worth the risk of developing cancer later.

side effects - ANSWER side effects are types of drug effects that are predictable and which may occur even at therapeutic doses.

cross-tolerance - ANSWER occurs between closely related drugs, the more two drugs are similar chemically, the greater the possibility of cross-tolerance between them. Example, physically dependent on ethanol exhibit cross-tolerance to other CNS depressant drugs.

delirium tremens - ANSWER a syndrome of intense agitation, confusion, terrifying hallucinations, uncontrollable tremors, panic attacks and paranoia. 35% of untreated patients will die.

hallucinogens - ANSWER a diverse class of chemicals that have in common the ability to produce an altered, dreamlike state of consciousness. the prototype drug for this class is LSD.psilocybin (shrooms), mescaline (peyote), DMT are similar drugs.

opiods - ANSWER known as opiates or narcotic analgesics, prescribed for severe pain, anesthesia, persistent cough, and life-threatening diarrhea.

physical dependence - ANSWER occurs when the body adapts to repeated use of the substance by altering normal physiology. cells believe it is normal to have in the body and when discontinued withdrawal results. reversible.

psychological dependence - ANSWER produces no signs of physical discomfort after the agent is discontinued but has an intense desire to continue despite obvious negative economic, physical or social consequences.

rebound effects - ANSWER effects that are opposite of the dependent drug's effects; symptoms of lethargy and fatigue caused by withdrawal of methamphetamine and other stimulants.

reticular formation - ANSWER portion of the brain affecting awareness and wakefulness.

idiosyncratic response - ANSWER any unpredictable and unexplained drug reaction that has been.

intrinsic activity - ANSWER drugs that have the ability to bind to a receptor and produce a strong action has a high intrinsic activity. Intrinsic activity and efficacy are positively correlated; drugs that have high intrinsic value have high efficacy.

margin of safety (MOS) - ANSWER is another index of a drug's effectiveness and safety. MOS calculated as the amount of drug that is lethal to 1% of animals, divided by the amount of drug that produces a therapeutic effect in 99% of the animals. higher MOS=safer medicine.

median effective dose (ED50) - ANSWER the dose in the middle of the frequency distribution curve, meaning it is the dose required to produce a specific therapeutic response in 50% of a group of patients.

median lethal dose (LD50) - ANSWER it is the dose of a drug that will kill 50% of a group of animals, done during drug development process.

median toxicity dose (TD50) - ANSWER is the dose that will produce a given toxicity in 50% of a group of patients.

partial agonist - ANSWER partial agonist is used to describe a medication that produces a weaker, or less efficacious response than an agonist.

pharmacodynamics - ANSWER the branch of pharmacology concerned with the mechanisms of drug action concentration and responses in the body. how a drug changes the body.

pharmacogenetics - ANSWER the branch of pharmacology that examines the role of genetics in drug response.

potency - ANSWER the strength of a drug at a specified concentration or dose. a drug that is more potent will produce its therapeutic effect at a lower dose, compared to another drug in its class.

receptor - ANSWER a cellular molecule to which a medication binds to produce its effects. Receptor theory predicts that the response of a drug is proportional to the concentration of receptors that are bound or occupied by the drug.

second messenger - ANSWER cascades of biochemical events that initiate the drug's action by either stimulating or inhibiting the normal activity of the cell.

therapeutic index (TI) - ANSWER is defined as the ratio of a drug's LD50 to its ED50. median lethal dose ÷ median effective dose. the larger the difference between the two the greater the TI, the greater the TI, the greater the safety margin of error.

antagonist - ANSWER a drug that competes with agonists for receptor binding sites, by occupying a receptor and preventing the endogenous chemical from binding to produce its action. Antagonist have no intrinsic activity, the actions observed is the lack of agonist action.

dose-response relationship - ANSWER examining and comparing dose response relationships by plotting the drug dose administered to the patient versus the intensity or degree of response obtained. phase1 lowest dose no therapeutic effect. phase2 is the rising, phase3 plateau in response

efficacy - ANSWER is defined as the greatest maximal response that can be produced from a particular drug. Efficacy is almost always more important than potency.

frequency distribution curve - ANSWER a graphic representation of the actual number of patients responding with a particular drug action at different doses.