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Ameritech A&P Examination One
2nd and 3rd energy levels need - ✔✔8 electrons to be stable abdominal cavity - ✔✔stomach intestines liver. parietal and visceral peritoneum acid - ✔✔substance increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a water solution when dissociation occurs acidic - ✔✔higher concentration of H+ than OH- giving pH below 7 active site - ✔✔pocket where the substrates fit. adenosine diphosphate ADP - ✔✔2 phosphates Adenosine Monophosphate AMP - ✔✔important substrate w/ potential to create a high energy compound. mono= adenosine triphosphate ATP - ✔✔high energy compound. app. can now be used for energy. adp + phosphate group + energy == ATP+H2O - ✔✔ aerobic metabolism - ✔✔a method of ate production that requires oxygen
alkaline - ✔✔lower concentration of OH- than H+ giving it pH above 7 amino acids - ✔✔building block of proteins. 20 of them. central carbon covalently bond to 4 groups anatomical position - ✔✔upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward and feet together. Anatomy - ✔✔Study of the structure of the body parts and their relation to one another example: red blood cells anatomy: contains mineral iron and hemoglobin. anchoring proteins - ✔✔attach plasma membrane to other structures outside of the cell to keep it in place or attach it to the cytoskeleton. anion - ✔✔ions with negative charges (more electrons) aqueous solution - ✔✔solvent is water atomic number - ✔✔number of protons in an atom. gives identity atoms - ✔✔smallest stable units of matter. NON LIVING autolysis/apoptosis - ✔✔lysosomes disintegrate releasing enzymes activated in cytosol. cell's proteins and enzymes are destroyed. occurs in dead or damaged cells.
cation - ✔✔ions with positive charges. (more protons) Cell physiology - ✔✔Study of how the cell functions cell respiration - ✔✔c6h12o6+6o2 ---> 6co2 + 6h2o+atp+heat glucose plus oxygen yields co2, water, ate and heat. cells - ✔✔smallest LIVING unit of structure / functioin cellulose (fiber) - ✔✔straight chain of glucose molecules produced by plant cells. we have no enzyme to digest cellulose so it passes thru the digestive tract unchanged. FIBER. helps with healthy digestive system centrioles - ✔✔pair cylindrical bodies of microtubules. form and organize spindle fibers during cell division for the movement of chromosomes to each new cell channel proteins - ✔✔proteins with a pore. allow water and other solutes to enter an otherwise water insolublemembrane chemical - ✔✔atoms. ALL NON LIVING. chemical bonds - ✔✔force of attraction between positive and negative charges. force that holds atoms together after a reaction cholesterol - ✔✔building block of steroid.
cholesterol in plasma membrane decreases - ✔✔fluidity, giving plasma membrane more structure. cilia - ✔✔long cell surface projections. move in unison creating a unidirectional current that moves substances across sell surfaces cisternae - ✔✔chambers in ER coenzymes - ✔✔non-protein organic molecule cofactors cofactor - ✔✔molecule that sometimes has to bind to the enzyme before a substrate can fit. Ca, Mg compound - ✔✔pure chemical substance made of atoms of two or more different elements regardless of the bond type control center - ✔✔integration center that receives and process the information sent from the receptor and sends out commands (thermostat) covalent bonds - ✔✔sharing of electrons between atoms. cranial cavity - ✔✔formed by skull contains brain Cytology - ✔✔Study of the internal structure of cells
Disaccharide - ✔✔made of 2 monosaccharides linked by covalent bonds. found in foods. body breaks them into monosaccharides. (sucrose, lactose) dna - ✔✔double strand of nucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds. twisted into a double heli. contains all genetic material making up chromosomes. always found in nucleus. can replicate itself. dorsal cavity - ✔✔central nervous system, cranial cavity and vertebral cavity double covalent bond - ✔✔sharing 2 pairs of electrons each enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction - ✔✔specificity effector - ✔✔cell or organ that responds to the control center command (air conditioner turns on) eicosanoids - ✔✔lipids derived from a fatty acid that must be absorbed from the DIET because body doesn't make it electrolytes - ✔✔inorganic molecules whose ions conduct an electrical current within a solution electron - ✔✔negative charge found orbiting outside nucleus creating cloud or shell electron acceptor - ✔✔gains one or more electrons (anion)
electron cloud - ✔✔electrons orbit around nucleus in shells going so fast it looks like a cloud electron donor - ✔✔loses one or more electrons (cation) element - ✔✔pure substance consisting of atoms of only one kind. can't be broken down. periodic table. 92 occur in nature endocrine - ✔✔secretes hormones. thyroid, pituitary pancreas endocrine system (hormones) and homeostsis - ✔✔send chemical messengers to effect tissues and organs over longer periods of time. ALWAYS HAPPENING. enzyme: amylase substrate: - ✔✔starches enzyme: lactase - ✔✔substrate: lactose enzyme: lipase substrate: - ✔✔fats enzyme: peptidase substrate: - ✔✔protein enzymes - ✔✔lower the activation energy requirements of cellular reactions. catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions without being changed or destroyed.
free radical - ✔✔ion or molecule containing unpaired electrons. cause aging. destructive. always looking for electron frontal/coronal section (crown) - ✔✔plane from side to side separating body into front and back parts globular - ✔✔compact and rounded because they go into a tertiary structure. are water soluble. function only when in a solution. Glucose - ✔✔used as food for cellular respiration. C6H12O glycerides - ✔✔fats can attach to a simple sugar, glycerol, through dehydration synthesis and be broken apart by hydrolysis. glycogen - ✔✔highly branched chain of glucose; our source of stored energy. high carb meal yields increased blood glucose levels. body turns the glucose to glycogen and stores it in the liver or skeletal muscles. when blood glucose levels are down, body converts it back to glucose and can then be used as energy for cells glycoproteins - ✔✔large protein with small carb group attached golgi apparatus - ✔✔flattened membranous sacs. openings called cisternae. traffic director for proteins. Hexose sugar is a - ✔✔6 carbon sugar
High blood pH - ✔✔alkalosis high heat capacity - ✔✔water can absorb great deal of heat before temp rises or can lose a lot of heat before temp drops. helps keep homeostatic temp. Histology - ✔✔Study of the structure of tissues homeostasis - ✔✔unchanging. bodies' ability to maintain stable internal conditions even though there is continuous change in outside environment homeostatic regulation - ✔✔adjustment of physiological systems to maintain homeostasis ex. exercise: hormonal nervous response causes heart rate to speed up increasing blood flow hydrogen bonds - ✔✔hydrogen found naturally as H2, 2 represents number of atoms in molecule. hydrogen molecules share their electrons creating a single covalent bond. (H-H) weak due to uneven distribution of electrons hydrolysis - ✔✔A-B + H2O changes to A-H +HO-B. water destruction of bonds inorganic compounds - ✔✔simple compounds consisting of only one or two different elements. 4 most basic are 1 CO2 - waste from cell metabolism 2 O2 - necessary for metabolism H2O - most body weight
leukotrines - ✔✔produced by cells in response to infection or disease Levels of organization - ✔✔1 chemical 2 cells 3 tissues 4 organs 5 organ systems 6 organism ligand - ✔✔any extracellular molecule lipid soluble vitamins - ✔✔ADEK dissolve in fat droplets within the cells lipids - ✔✔fats/oils/waxes. WATER INSOLUBLE. carry twice the amount of energy as carbs. llq - ✔✔left lower quadrant low blood pH - ✔✔acidosis lower regions - ✔✔right inguinal, l inguinal, hypogastric lubricant - ✔✔prevents friction where surfaces meet and move
LUQ - ✔✔left upper quadrant lymphatic - ✔✔immunity. spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils lysosomes - ✔✔membranous vesicles created by golgi. contain digestive enzymes. digest foreign particles/old cells/damaged or non useful. mass - ✔✔amount of material in matter, mass equals weight mass number - ✔✔total # of protons and neutrons in nucleus matter - ✔✔anything that takes up space and has mass. made of atoms membrane flow - ✔✔all membranous organelles besides mitochondria are interconnected in some way and communicate membranous organelles - ✔✔endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria meninges - ✔✔membranes that line vertebral and cranial cavities cover the brain and spinal cord microvilli - ✔✔made from cytoskeleton. folds of the membrane on free surface that add surface area allowing greater absorption
negative feedback - ✔✔body's response reverse the stimulus effect. (Receptors get signal, send to control center, our on effectors. regain homeostasis and turn off effectors nervous - ✔✔brain spinal cord nerves special senses Nervous system and homeostasis - ✔✔rapid, short term, specific responses. immediate and short lived. neutron - ✔✔neutral charge found in nucleus. adds weight to atom nitrogenous bases - ✔✔5 possible. 1 adenine 2 guanine 3 cytosine 4 thymine nitrogenous bases of DNA - ✔✔adenine-thymine cytosine-guanine (rungs of ladder) bound by hydrogen bonds nitrogenous bases of RNA - ✔✔adenine-uracil cytosine-guanine non membranous organelles - ✔✔cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes, proteasomes
non polar covalent bonds - ✔✔each atom within a molecule has equal sharing of electrons nucleic acids - ✔✔largest molecule in body. store and process infowithin a cell. nucleotides - ✔✔building block. structural units of nucleic acids. made of phosphate group, pentose sugar nitrogenous base Organ physiology - ✔✔Study of how organ functions Organ System - ✔✔group of organs that perform a specific function. organelles - ✔✔internal structures w/ specific functions. membranous and non membranous. Organic compounds - ✔✔large molecules covalently bonded with carbon and hydrogen present. four main groups of compounds: carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. organism - ✔✔highest level of life Organs - ✔✔group of ATLEAST 2 types of tissue. (heart, liver) parietal membrane - ✔✔lines cavity wall
Physiology - ✔✔The study of the functions of the body Example: red blood cell physiology: presence of iron allows red blood cells to carry oxygen to all tissues of the body plane - ✔✔imaginary flat surface separating 2 portions of body/organ plasma membrane function - ✔✔physical barrier preserving homeostasis inside the cell controls entry and exit of ions wastes and nutrients into and out of cell sensitive to outside environment. has receptors to detect changes on outside of cell provides structure when necessary plasma membrane structure - ✔✔very thin, dynamic, double membrane. made of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins and carbs. polar covalent bonds - ✔✔unequal sharing of electrons. example: H20, oxygen has more pull on electrons than hydrogen giving it a partial negative charge, making it the negative polar end. the hydrogen has less pull on electrons giving it a partial positive charge, making the positive polar end. weaker than non polar covalent bonds. polysaccharide - ✔✔thousands of glucose molecules. lack sweetness because of complexity. polyunsaturated fatty acid - ✔✔multiple double bonds
positive feedback - ✔✔stimulus causes initial change to continue exaggerating the effect. (labor delivery oxytocin goes to uterus causing contraction uterus sends signal to brain that it contracted. cycles until delivery.) primary structure protein shape - ✔✔sequence of amino acids in the length of a single polypeptide. LINEAR. LINE prone - ✔✔laying down face down prostaglandins - ✔✔short chain fatty acids found in a 5 carbon ring, coordinate cellular activities (stimulate pain, trigger labor contractions). local messengers unlike hormones. proteasomes - ✔✔contain protein digesting enzymes called proteases. disassemble proteins into amino acids protein functions - ✔✔1 support-3 dimensional framework 2 movement- contracting elements of muscles are protein 3 - transport substances throughout blood and in and out of cells 4 - buffering proteins can prevent changes in ph 5 - metabolic regulation: enzymes are proteins. enzymes regulate metabolism. 6 - coordination and control 7 - defense. barrier. skin, hair, nails. protein keratin is the barrier. 8 - antibodies proteins 9 - cloting proteins
