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PACIULLI FINAL BIO 181 NCSU EXAM
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what is endosymbiosis Correct Answer Endosymbiosis is the process by which a protist engulfs a smaller organism, like a single celled prokaryote, and gains the ability to utilize that organisms helpful functions. For example, if a protist engulfed a photosynthetic microorganism, the protist would then be able to start making its own food through photosynthesis. Scientists currently believe that endosymbiosis gave way to the first mitochondria and chloroplasts, since each of these organelles cannot be recreated by the protists' (or whatever organism it may be a part of) cells and has it's own cell membrane. The life cycle of plants is called ___. Correct Answer alternation of generations We said that protist feeding behavior could be categorized in two main ways. Name one of them. Correct Answer ingestive You are puzzled because you are looking through a microscope and see a single-celled organism, yet the label on the slide says, "Eukarya." After some consideration,
you realize that you are not looking at a protist, but rather a/an... Correct Answer yeast Parsimony suggests that traits that...are the best ones for phylogenetic trees. Correct Answer evolved at one time Bipedalism in humans and other hominids is _____. Correct Answer. synapomorphic A _____________ group is a taxon (group of organisms) which forms a clade, meaning that it consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants. Correct Answer monophyletic A __________ group is a group of organisms that includes an ancestor but not all of its descendants. Correct Answer paraphyletic ____________ taxon is composed of unrelated organisms descended from more than one ancestor. Correct Answer Polyphyletic Other than eukaryotes, name two main / primary evolutionary branches (domains) Correct Answer archea and eubacteria Name one type of data that can be used to construct phylogenies. Correct Answer morphology or synapomorphies
As far as we can tell from the fossil record, earth existed for approximately ___ billion years before the first signs of life appeared. Correct Answer 1 moving towards or away from a stimulus Correct Answer taxis A group that doesn't share any traits with the other grouos Correct Answer Outgroup Preferred explanation of observed data is the simplistic explanation Correct Answer Principle of parsimony Several species of Caribbean anoles living in Florida do not directly compete for food because each species hunts prey in a different part of the forest: tree tops, tree trunks or along the ground. Correct Answer resource partitioning Two major predictors of biome distribution are... Correct Answer temperature and precipitation Scientists know that fish in an old, shrinking pond are getting close to their carrying capacity because they plotted the data they collected. Their curve most likely looked like... Correct Answer the letter s ______ water is high in nutrients, and densely populated with algae and plant material. Correct Answer eutrophic
A researcher who wants to calculate fecundity, needs data on the number of ... Correct Answer offspring produced Someone interested in calculating the rate of population growth of bacteria that seems to have no limits on growth would use which formula? Correct Answer r = (b - d) + (i - e) Humanity's current total ecological footprint is ~_____ earths. Correct Answer 1. The viceroy and monarch butterflies, whose patterns of orange and black wing coloration are remarkably similar, are poisonous and/or unpalatable to predators. This is an example of _____ mimicry. Correct Answer Mullerian The function of nitrifing bacteria in the nitrogen cycle is the conversion of... Correct Answer ammonia to nitrates About _____ % of the species known to science are now extinct. Correct Answer 99 - 100 About _____ of the energy captured by photosynthesis passes all the way through to secondary carnivores. Correct Answer. Population growth is most influenced by the... Correct Answer number of females in a group The total amount of energy produced in an ecosystem is known as _____. Correct Answer primary productivity
To the west of Wallace's Line in Southeast Asia are organisms related to Asiatic species. To the east of the line, there is a mixture of species of Asian and Australian origin. This is an example of: Correct Answer biogeography Two members of the initial Amish migration to Pennsylvania in 1744 shared the recessive allele for Ellis- van Creveld syndrome, which results in a long narrow chest and shortening of the limbs. More Amish people have these traits than the surrounding non-Amish population. This is an example of... Correct Answer the founder effect Evolutionary changes within a species are most accurately referred to as: Correct Answer microevolution Our ancestors had much bigger jaws than we do, which helped them chew a tough diet, tear apart meat, etc. Their teeth also wore down quickly. Wisdom teeth (third molars) grew later in life, and helped our ancestors continue to eat. Today, ~35% of people are born without wisdom teeth. This is an example of: Correct Answer evolution The idea that most speciation is slow and uniforms is known as: Correct Answer gradualism Drongo birds live in central Africa. One population is found in evergreen rainy forest areas, while another population is found in open grassland areas. The two populations live in two different habitats 150 feet apart, and do not
interbreed. The _____ Species Concept best explains this phenomenon. Correct Answer ecological Selection pressure throughout earth's history has been most often exerted by... Correct Answer the environment The first step of the scientific method is _____. Correct Answer observation People who are wealthy, and only marry people who are wealthy who have blond hair and blue eyes are practicing a form of _____ mating. Correct Answer assortative Non-poisonous king snakes mimicking poisonous coral snakes is likely due to _____ Correct Answer biogeography All wasps have stingers. This thing in my hand is a wasp. Therefore, this wasp can probably sting me! This is an example of _____ reasoning. Correct Answer deductive We said that each level of life ... Correct Answer has emergent properties The only source of new genetic variation is / are _____. Correct Answer mutations Although Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's work was important in the development of evolutionary thought, he was wrong because he believed that characteristics were _____. Correct Answer aquired
What is the name for the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages that are usually due to living in similar environments? What is this called? Correct Answer convergent evolution 7 characteristics of life Correct Answer 1. cells
- ordered complexity
- sensitivity or response to stimuli
- growth, development, and reproduction
- energy utilization
- homeostasis
- evolutionary life is _____ Correct Answer an emergent property deductive reasoning: Correct Answer uses general principles to make scientific predictions general-----> specific inductive reasoning: Correct Answer uses specific observations to develop general conclusions specific-----> general step 1 of scientific method Correct Answer observation step 2 of scientific method Correct Answer 2. hypothesis making step 3 of scientific method Correct Answer prediction
step 4 of scientific method Correct Answer experimentation step 5 of scientific method Correct Answer 5. conclusion possible explanation for an observation, must be tested for validity, allows for predictions to be made Correct Answer hypothesis broad and strongest explanation, supported by a large body of sci research, with minimal influence of human bias Correct Answer scientific theory change over time Correct Answer evolution evolution of a new species from an old one, changes over a long period of time Correct Answer macroevolution or speciation evolutionary changes with in a species. change in heritable characteristics and allele frequency over time Correct Answer microevolution How do we test if a population is changing? Correct Answer Hardy-Weinberg principle The mechanisms of evolution (MaNaGGeR) Correct Answer 1. mutation
- nat selection
- gene flow
- genetic drift
type of genetic drift; sudden decr in pop size due to chance environmental event Correct Answer population bottle neck type of genetic drift; few pioneering individuals colonize a new region Correct Answer the founder effect combination of genetic material from 2 different gametes. Offspring differ from parents (crossing over and independent assortment) Correct Answer recombination the probability that 2 individuals in a pop will mate is not the same for all possible pairs Correct Answer non random mating individuals of dissimilar geno/phenotypes mate more frequently than expected under random mating Correct Answer dissortative mating individuals of similar geno/phenotypes mate w/ one another Correct Answer assortative mating production of offspring of individuals who are closely genetically related Correct Answer inbreeding reduced biological fitness in a population as a result of inbreeding Correct Answer inbreeding depression one phenotype is extremely selected for, acts to eliminate the extreme when environment changes Correct Answer directional selection
hypothesis can be refined with new data Correct Answer iterative same evolutionary origin but now differ in structure and function Correct Answer homologous structures of different origin used for the same purpose (butterfly and bird wings) Correct Answer analogous average is more likely to occur than extreme ex. baby weight Correct Answer stabilizing selection extreme variations over take medium ones ex. peppered moths in industrial England Correct Answer disruptive selection multiple alleles are actively maintained in gene pool in frequencies longer than expected. ex. one color of snail that dies a lot is still found in pop Correct Answer balancing selection females' choice in sexual selection ex. peacock tail Correct Answer intersexual selection males and females are physically different Correct Answer sexual dimorphism evidence of microevolution and NS Correct Answer - darwins finches
two species can successfully mate and is reproductively isolated from other groups Correct Answer biological species concept within a single species, individuals in populations that occur in different areas may be distinct from one another Correct Answer sub species Distinctions among species are maintained by natural selection Stabilizing selection maintains the species' adaptations Hybrids are quickly eliminated from gene pool Correct Answer ecological species concept A species is a single lineage of ancestor-descendant populations which maintain its identity from other such lineages and which has it own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate Correct Answer evolutionary species concept before the formation or prevents formation of zygote Correct Answer prezygotic isolating mechanism prevents development into an adult Correct Answer postzygotic isolating mechanism when population of entire species changes on a genetic level with out a split Correct Answer anagenesis
species splits into 2 genetically distinct populations adapted to different ecosystems and/or survival strategies Correct Answer cladogenesis when populations are separate and isolated from eachother Correct Answer allopatric speciation when populations have the same range and/or overlapping ranges Correct Answer sympatric speciation when a clade has developed in numerous diverse species Correct Answer adaptive radiation percent of original population surviving to a given age Correct Answer survivorship r=(b-d)+(i-e) Correct Answer exponential growth model that applies to populations with no growth limits dN/dt=riN Correct Answer ri- intrinsic growth rate N- # individuals in a pop max number of individuals an environment can support Correct Answer carrying capacity (k) dH/dt= rN(k-N)/K, produces sigmodal curve Correct Answer logistic growth model for populations, applies as they reach k one organism benefits, and one is neither harmed nor helped Correct Answer commensalism
differences in morphology btwn sympatric species Correct Answer character displacement consuming of one organism by another Correct Answer predation 90% of ______ material ends up with decomposes not herbivores Correct Answer plant 1.Phenotypic variation must exist in the population 2.This variation must lead to differences among individuals in lifetime reproductive success 3.Phenotypic variation among individuals must be genetically transmissible to the next generation. Correct Answer 3 conditions of NS Lions and tiger ranges overlap in India but they use different habitats Correct Answer ecological isolation Blue-footed boobies select mates after an elaborate courtship display Will not mate with other boobies Correct Answer behavioral isolation 2 species of wild lettuce grow along roadsides in the SE U.S. Hybrids can be made experimentally and are fertile Rare in nature because one flowers in early spring and the other in summer Correct Answer temporal isolation
Structure of the male and female copulatory organs may be incompatible Correct Answer mechanical isolation In animals that shed gametes directly into water, the eggs and sperm derived from different species may not attract or fuse with one another In plants, the growth of pollen tubes may be impeded in hybrids between different species Correct Answer prevention of gamete fusion pace of evolution. Accumulation of small changes Correct Answer gradualism Long periods of stasis followed by rapid change Stabilizing and oscillating selection is responsible for stasis Correct Answer punctuated equilibrium Study of how organisms relate to one another and to their environments Correct Answer ecology Individual must maintain a steady-state internal environment regardless of external environment Correct Answer homeostasis Sweating, increased erythrocyte production, making "antifreeze" as response to environment Correct Answer physiological responses Endotherms have adaptations that minimize energy expenditure Thick fur coats during the winter
