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Nursing 310 Exam 1 fully solved 2024-
Nursing - correct answer -the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnoses and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations. (ANA) Nursing standards - correct answer -minimum set of criteria of practice to provide quality care. Nightingale - correct answer -"to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him." Profession - correct answer -occupation that requires a minimum specialized training and a specialized body of knowledge. Primary Roles & Functions of Nurse - correct answer -Care Provider, Educator, Advocate, Leader, Change Agent, Manager, Researcher, Collaborator, Delegator Nursing theory - correct answer -represents a group of concepts that can be tested in practice and can be derived from a conceptual model. Nightingale Theory - correct answer -concept of balance between environment and patient; emphasized prevention; clean air, water, & housing. Peplau Theory - correct answer -Interpersonal process between nurse and patient (1. orientation, 2. Working (ID & exploitation), 3. Resolution). Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - correct answer -1. Physiologic needs (oxygen, food water, elimination, temp control, sex, movement, rest, and comfort). 2. Safety & Security (from physiologic and psychological threat; protection, stability, and lack of danger). 3. Love & Belonging (affection, intimacy, support, & reassurance). 4. Self-Esteem (self worth, self-respect, independence, privacy, status, dignity, and self reliance). 5. Self-Actualization (recognition & realization of one's potential, growth, health, and autonomy). Lewin's Change Theory - correct answer -3 step process (unfreezing, moving or change, & refreezing)
Criteria for a Profession - correct answer -altruism, body of knowledge & research, accountability, higher education, autonomy, code of ethics, professional organization, licensure, diversity. Profession of nursing - correct answer -guided by standards of practice & nurse practice acts Standards of Nursing Practice - correct answer -published by ANA help to ensure quality care & serve as legal criteria for adequate patient care (assessment, diagnosis, outcomes identification, planning, implementation, evaluation) 2nd part focuses on professional performance (echics, education, evidence based practice & research, quality of practice, communication, leadership, collaboration, professional practice evaluation, resource utilization, environmental health. Nurse Practice Acts - correct answer -provide the scope of practice defined by each state or jurisdiction and set forth the legal limits of nursing practice (a scope of practice defines the boundaries of the practice of nursing and clarifies how it may intersect with other professions & disciplines. LPN (LVN) - correct answer -12-1 months training, NCLEX-PN RN - correct answer -graduate from approved school of nursing, NCLEX-RN, 2 or 4 yr program or 3 yr diploma program, AND, BSN National Patient Safety Goals - correct answer -Identify patients correctly, improve staff communication, use medicines safely, use alarms safely, prevent infection, identify patient safety risks, prevent mistakes in surgery Belief - correct answer -mental representation of reality or a person's perceptions about what is right (correct), true, real, or what the person expects to happen in a given situation. Values - correct answer -enduring ideas about what a person considers is the good, the best, and the "right" thing to do & their opposites - the bad, worst, & wrong things to do - and about what is desirable or has worth in life.
Therapeutic communication techniques - correct answer -talking at eye level Communicating special situations - correct answer -visually impaired (use analog clock to reference position of food on a plate and orienting a patient to hospital room, use audio, large print, or Braille, gently physical contact to alert presence). Physically or Cognitively impaired (continue to speak, observe non verbal signs, use of touch, communication aids). Quadriplegic (electronic devices, gesture or eye movement). Intellectual disabilities (special attention needed, consult with family members, avoid confrontation). Critical thinking - correct answer -involves the application of knowledge & experience to identify patient problems & to direct clinical judgments & actions that result in positive patient outcomes. Processes that depend on Critical Thinking - correct answer -Problem solving, decision making, reasoning, & judgment. Reflection, Evidence, Standards, Attributes or traits. - correct answer -The interaction of these concepts is central to the development of critical thinking Intellectual Standards of Critical Thinking - correct answer -Clarity, accuracy, precision, relevance, depth, breadth, logic, significance, fairness. Inductive reasoning - correct answer -uses specific facts or details to make conclusions & generalizations; it proceeds from specific to general. Deductive reasoning - correct answer -involves generating facts or details from a major theory, generalization, or premise (ie., from general to specific). Critical thinking attitudes - correct answer -inferences, validation Validation - correct answer -the process of gathering information to determine whether the information or data collected are factual or true.
Attitudes Necessary for critical thinking - correct answer -confidence, thinking independently, fairness, humility, risk taking, discipline, perseverance, creativity, curiosity, integrity, responsibility & accountability Thinking errors to avoid - correct answer -Bias, Illogical thinking, lack of information, closed-mindedness, erroneous assumptions (ask questions & actively listen) Critical thinking in the nursing process - correct answer -interpretation, analysis, evaluation, inference, explanation, self-regulation, clinical decision making. Nursing process - correct answer -systematic method of critical thinking used by professional nurses to develop individualized plans of care and provide care for patients; the framework within which nurses provide care to patients in an organized & effective manner. (ADPIE) - correct answer -- Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation Assessment - correct answer -- Data collection (primary, secondary, subjective, objective); data analyzed, validated, organized, documented. Institutional Review Board (IRB) - correct answer -- The primary purpose of the IRB is to protect the rights and welfare of human subjects involved in research activities being conducted under its authority PICO - correct answer -a technique used in evidence based practice to frame and answer a clinical or health care related question. EBP - correct answer -- evidence based practice is an integration of the best available research evidence and the nurse's clinical expertise to make patient care decisions. Research use is the application of research findings to clinical practice. Research improves the care of patient 3 types of nursing research - correct answer -: basic - generate theories, which help provide explanations for phenomena; applied - application of theories in different situations with different populations; clinical - used when testing theories about the effectiveness of interventions.
Implementation - correct answer -- Interventions (independent, dependent, collaborative); Care (indirect, direct); Documentation; Care Plans (clinical pathways, protocols, standing orders). Cyclic & Dynamic Nature of the Nursing Process - correct answer -one aspect of care leads into and informs the next, crucial to continuously reassess patient, revise care as needed, & evaluation whether patient's goals are being met; ongoing process of evaluating & adjusting intervention strategies requires nursing care to be based on current evidence. Methods of assessment - correct answer -- observation, patient interview, physical (collect objective data by collective vital signs, inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation) 3 Types of physical assessment - correct answer -- 1. Comprehensive - thorough interview, health history, review of systems, extensive head to toe assessment, often includes lab & diagnostic tests (cranial nerve evaluation, sensory organ evaluation); 2. Emergency assessment - priorities need to be established in a few seconds, time is a factor, treatment must begin immediately, treatment based on quick survey followed by narrowly focused physical exam of critical injuries or symptoms & signs, triage - a form of emergency assessment; 3. Focused physical assessment. Data collection - correct answer -- primary comes from patient; secondary from family members, friends, or healthcare team (patients chart); subjective date - cannot be authenticated (spoken); objective data - measured or observed. Data organized - correct answer -- organized in a framework (format) that facilitates access by all members of the health care team; factual & complete documentation facilitates comprehensive care that is responsive to patient needs. Nursing diagnosis - correct answer -- the identification of actual or potential health problems or life processes & responses to a problem, follows assessment in the nursing process. (accurate collection, accurate validation, accurate analysis, accurate clustering of patient data). Nursing diagnosis methodology - correct answer -- actual (patient response to current need), risk (potential problems, vulverability), health-promotion (clinical judgment base on expressed desire of patients, families, or groups for change.
Medical diagnosis - correct answer -- identify & label medical illnesses (physical, psychological) Planning - correct answer -- prioritize nursing diagnoses; personalize care plans (short term goals, long term goals); Outcome identification Prioritizing needs - correct answer -- setting priorities is the first step in planning; nurse is significantly accountable for achieving the desired outcomes; nurse is responsible for: monitoring patient responses, making decisions culminating in a plan of care, implementing interventions, including interdisciplinary collaboration and referral as needed.; Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is used to organize most-urgent to less urgent (basic physiological needs must be met before higher needs, such as self esteem; Life threatening vs Routine care - ABC's of life support can direct the nurses prioritizing; in critical satiations, steps of nursing process are performed through instant clinical reasoning and do not involve patient input. Short term goal - correct answer -- achievable in less than 1 week Long term goal - correct answer -- weeks or months to achieve Three types of intervention - correct answer -- independent, dependent, collaborative Implementation - correct answer -- consists of performing a task & documentation of each intervention. Direct care - correct answer -- interventions that are carried out by having personal contact with patient (reassessment, activities of daily living, physical care, informal counseling, teaching) Indirect care - correct answer -- nursing interventions that are performed to benefit patients but do not involve face-to-face contact with patient (communication & collaboration, referrals, research, advocacy, delegation, prevention-oriented interventions)
