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Key concepts and principles related to radiation safety and measurement, including the properties and types of radiation, units of measurement, radiation detection and monitoring equipment, and regulatory requirements. It provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental knowledge needed to understand and apply radiation safety practices in various applications, such as radiography, nuclear medicine, and other industries involving radioactive materials. The document addresses topics like the quality factor for alpha particles, activity measurement, radioactive decay, ionization, dosimetry, survey meter calibration, and emergency procedures. By studying this document, readers can gain a solid foundation in the science and regulations governing radiation protection and measurement, which is crucial for ensuring the safe handling and use of radioactive sources.
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The Symbol R means: a. rem b. rad c. roentgen d. radiation - ✔✔c. roentgen The acronym rad means: a. radiation absorbed dose b. roentgen absorbed dose c. roentgen acquired dose d. radiation at death - ✔✔a. radiation absorbed dose The roentgen (R) exposure is measured in: a. tissue b. water c. a lab d. air - ✔✔d. air The symbol mR means: a. milliroentgen
b. microroentgen c. megaroentgen d. millirem - ✔✔a. milliroentgen One roentgen or 1 R is equal to: a. 100 milliroentgen b. 1000 milliroentgen c. 0.001 milliroentgen d. 1 milliroentgen - ✔✔b. 1000 milliroentgen The acronym rem stands for: a. radiation equivalent man b. radiation effect man c. roentgen effect man d. roentgen equivalent man - ✔✔d. roentgen equivalent man The initialism QF stands for: a. quantity factor b. quality frequency c. quality factor d. quality effective factor - ✔✔c. quality factor The quality factor for X-rays and gamma rays is: a. 1
b. radioactivity c. balanced d. weighted - ✔✔a. radioactive Elementary particles units with a negative electrical charge and a mass approximately equal to 1/ that of a proton are: a. electrons b. protons c. neutrons d. valence shells - ✔✔a. electrons Positively charged elementary particles with a mass approximately equal to 1840 times that of an electron, or 1 AMU, are known as: a. electrons b. protons c. neutrons d. valence shells - ✔✔b. protons Uncharged elementary particles with a mass nearly equal to that of a proton are called: a. electrons b. protons c. neutrons d. valence shells - ✔✔c. neutrons The area known as the center of an atom is called the:
a. electron b. nucleus c. proton d. neutron - ✔✔b. nucleus Any byproduct material that is encased in a capsule designed to prevent leakage or escape of the byproduct material is a: a. drum b. pig c. sealed source d. container - ✔✔c. sealed source A tube through which the radioactive source travels when inside a radiographic exposure device is a/an: a. port tube b. guide tube c. S tube d. exit tube - ✔✔c. S tube Survey meters must be calibrated at intervals not to exceed: a. three months and/or after instrument servicing except for battery changes b. six months and/or after instrument servicing except for battery changes c. annually and after instrument servicing except for battery changes d. daily and after instrument servicing except for battery changes - ✔✔b. six months and/or after instrument servicing except for battery changes A survey meter must be capable of measuring a range of:
The fact that gases bombarded by ionizing radiation become conductors of electrical current make them useful in: a. X-ray transformers b. cathode tubes c. detection equipment d. gasses cannot conduct electrical charges - ✔✔c. detection equipment A dosimeter must be capable of reading a range of: a. 0-100 mR (0-1 mSv) b. 0-200 mR (0-2 mSv) c. 0-500 mR (0-5 mSv) d. 0-1 R (0-10 mSv) - ✔✔b. 0-200 mR (0-2 mSv) Pocket ion chambers must be capable of reading: a. 100 mR (1 mSv) b. 500 mR (5 mSv) c. 200 mR (2 mSv) d. 999 mR (9.99 mSv) - ✔✔c. 200 mR (2 mSv) An exposure rate is measured by: a. survey meter b. a dosimeter c. rate alarm d. TLD/film badge - ✔✔a. survey meter
What dosimeters (dosimetric devices) are least affected by moisture? a. digital dosimeters b. film badges c. TLDs d. ion chambers - ✔✔c. TLDs Full deflection of a survey meter while on battery check means: a. meter is working properly and has good batteries b. meter may or may not be working properly c. meter is working properly and battery strength is not an issue d. meter is unusable - ✔✔b. meter may or may not be working properly Dosimeters must be calibrated at intervals not to exceed: a. three months b. six months c. biannually d. annually - ✔✔d. annually Rate alarms must be calibrated at intervals not to exceed: a. yearly b. quarterly c. monthly d. biannually - ✔✔a. yearly
A radiographer reads 7.5 on the 10x scale of the survey meter. What is the current dose rate at that position? a. 7.5 mR/h b. 75 mR/h c. 750 mR/h d. 7.5 R/h - ✔✔b. 75 mR/h After 6 half-value layers, what percentage of radiation would be received? a. 50% b. 25% c. 8% d. 1.6% - ✔✔d. 1.6% Assuming a source has a half-life of 20 years, how old would the source be in 3 half-lives? a. 20 years b. 40 years c. 60 years d. 120 years - ✔✔c. 60 years If a radiographer has 60 mR (0.6 mSv) at the surface of the exposure device, what would the reading be after 2 half-lives? a. 15 mR (0.15 mSv) b. 40 mR (0.4 mSv) c. 80 mR (0.8 mSv)
d. 10 mR (0.1 mSv) - ✔✔a. 15 mR (0.15 mSv) The use of 4 half-value layers will reduce the exposure by a factor of: a. 4 times b. 8 times c. 16 times d. 32 times - ✔✔c. 16 times If a radiographer has 98 Ci of Ir-192, after 148 days how many curies would be left? a. 49 Ci (1813 GBq) b. 22 Ci (814 GBq) c. 12 Ci (444 GBq) d. 24.5 (906.5 GBq) - ✔✔d. 24.5 (906.5 GBq) A sealed source emits what? a. alpha particles b. beta particles c. X-rays d. gamma rays - ✔✔d. gamma rays A cobalt source has decayed from its original activity after 3 half-lives. Originally it was 88 Ci (3256 GBq). Its current activity is: a. 44 Ci (1628 GBq) b. 22 Ci (814 GBq) c. 11 Ci (407 GBq)
c. more energy (shorter wavelength) d. less energy (longer wavelength) - ✔✔c. more energy (shorter wavelength) An element's weight is the: a. A number b. Z number c. atomic number d. number of neutrons - ✔✔a. A number An element is identified by the number of _______ in its nucleus. a. electrons b. protons c. neutrons d. photons - ✔✔b. protons The first indication of an extremity radiation overexposure is: a. reddening of the skin b. hair loss c. nausea d. blisters - ✔✔a. reddening of the skin Gamma radiation has a shorter wavelength than visible light, therefore making it: a. less penetrating b. more penetrating
c. brighter d. less stable - ✔✔b. more penetrating A high radiation area is defined as "an area accessible to individuals, in which they could receive..." a. 2 mR/h (20 uSv/h) b. 5 mR/h (50 uSv/h) c. 50 mR/h (500 uSv/h) d. 100 mR/h (1000 uSv/h) - ✔✔d. 100 mR/h (1000 uSv/h) A radiation area is defined as "an area accessible to individuals, in which they could receive..." a. 2 mR/h (20 uSv/h) b. 5 mR/h (50 uSv/h) c. 50 mR/h (500 uSv/h) d. 100 mR/h (1000 uSv/h) - ✔✔b. 5 mR/h (50 uSv/h) A member of the public or unmonitored individual is allowed to receive up to, but not to exceed: a. 2 mR/h, 500 mR/year (20 uSv/h, 5000 uSv/year) b. 2 mR/h, 100 mR/year (20 uSv/h, 1000 uSv/year) c. 5 mR/h, 100 mR/year (50 uSv/h, 1000 uSv/year) d. 5 mR/h, 500 mR/year (50 uSv/h, 5000 uSv/year) - ✔✔b. 2 mR/h, 100 mR/year (20 uSv/h, 1000 uSv/year)
c. 120 mR (1200 uSv) d. 240 mR (2400 uSv) - ✔✔b. 60 mR (600 uSv) A radiographer is receiving 100 mR (1000 uSv) at the crank assembly. The crank assembly is 25 ft (7. m) in length. Where would the "RADIATION AREA" sign be posted? a. 111.8 ft (34.08 m) b. 221.3 ft (67.45 m) c. 343.7 ft (104.76 m) d. 176.8 ft (53.89 m) - ✔✔a. 111.8 ft (34.08 m) A radiographer is receiving 100 mR (1000 uSv) at the crank assembly. The crank assembly is 25 ft (7. m) in length. How long will it take for the radiographer to receive a total dose of 50 mR (500 uSv)? a. 30 min b. 60 min c. 90 min d. 120 min - ✔✔a. 30 min A non-declared pregnant radiographer or assistant may receive no more than: a. 0.5 rem per year (5 mSv) b. 5000 rem per year (50 Sv) c. 100 mR per year (1000 uSv) d. 5 R per year (50 mSv) - ✔✔d. 5 R per year (50 mSv) A declared pregnant radiographer or assistant may receive no more than __________ for the entire pregnancy. a. 500 mR (5000 uSv)
b. 5000 mR (50000 uSv) c. 100 mR (1000 uSv) d. 5 R (50 mSv) - ✔✔a. 500 mR (5000 uSv) An un-born fetus may receive no more than __________ for the entire pregnancy. a. 100 mR (1000 uSv) b. 500 mR (5000 uSv) c. 5 R (50 mSv) d. 5000 mR (50000 uSv) - ✔✔b. 500 mR (5000 uSv) Assuming you have 88 Ci of Ir-192 (3256 GBq), where would you place your high radiation boundary? Assume a R factor of 5.2 R (52 mSv). a. 68 ft (20.73 m) b. 96 ft (29.26 m) c. 43 ft (13.1 m) d. 27 ft (8.23 m) - ✔✔a. 68 ft (20.73 m) Your cobalt source of 61 Ci (2257 GBq) is exposed for one single 30-min exposure. This is the only exposure that will be made that day. Assume a 14.0 R (140 mSv) per curie factor, shooting through a 3 half-value collimator. Standing at 100 ft (30.48 m), what will your total exposure be? a. 11.0 mR (110 uSv) b. 5.3 mR (53 uSv) c. 8.8 mR (88 uSv) d. 4.4 mR (44 uSv) - ✔✔b. 5.3 mR (53 uSv) A monitored person may receive up to 5000 mR (50000 uSv) per year. What would be considered an excessive amount of radiation exposure to that individual?
Assume that 0.19 in. (4.83 mm) of lead is 1 half-value layer, and you have a total of 3 half-value layers of lead between you and 100 mR (1000 uSv), what would your exposure rate be? a. 50 mR (500 uSv) b. 25 mR (250 uSv) c. 12.5 mR (125 uSv) d. 33 mR (330 uSv) - ✔✔c. 12.5 mR (125 uSv) Assume 0.50 in. (12.7 mm) of steel equals 1 half-value layer for Ir-192. How many half-value layers would you have with 1.5 in. (38.1 mm) of steel? a. 3.28 half-value layers b. 3.0 half-value layers c. 3.05 half-value layers d. 0.328 half-value layers - ✔✔b. 3.0 half-value layers Assuming 0.19 in. (4.83 mm) of lead is 1 half-value layer, a piece of lead 0.38 in. (9.65 mm) thick would reduce the exposure rate by: a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100% - ✔✔c. 75% What is the maximum curie strength of a cobalt-60 source in a type A package? a. 10.8 Ci (399.6 GBq) b. 25.0Ci (999 GBq) c. 32.0 Ci (1184 GBq) d. 45.0 Ci (1665 GBq) - ✔✔a. 10.8 Ci (399.6 GBq)
What is the maximum curie strength of an iridium-192 source in a type A package? a. 10.8 Ci (399.6 GBq) b. 25.0Ci (999 GBq) c. 32.0 Ci (1184 GBq) d. 45.0 Ci (1665 GBq) - ✔✔b. 25.0Ci (999 GBq) A source is being transported with a surface reading of 25 mR and 3 mR at 39.37 in. (250 uSv and 30 uSv at 1 m). Which transport label must be used? a. White I b. Yellow II c. Yellow III d. Yellow II or III - ✔✔c. Yellow III A White I transport label's maximum transport index is: a. 1 b. less than 0. c. less than 3 d. more than 1, but less than 2 - ✔✔b. less than 0. A Yellow II transport label's maximum transport index is: a. 1 b. less than 0. c. less than 1 d. more than 1, but less than 2 - ✔✔a. 1
