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BIO 189 Exam 1 Ch.1-3 questions with
correct answers
anecdotal evidence - correct answer -•an informal observation that has not been systematically tested •can be second hand knowledge independent variable - correct answer -the variable, or factor, being deliberately changed in the experimental group correlation - correct answer -a consistent relationship between two variables *CORRELATION DOES NOT IMPLY CAUSATION peer review - correct answer -a process in which independent scientific experts read scientific studies b they are published to ensure that the authors have appropriately designed and interpreted the study epidemiology - correct answer -the study of patterns of disease in populations, including risk factors placebo - correct answer -A fake treatment given to control groups to mimic the experience of the experimental groups. experimental group - correct answer -the group in an experiment that experiences the experimental intervention or manipulation randomized clinical trial - correct answer -a controlled medical experiment in which subjects are randomly chosen to receive either an experimental treatment or a standard treatment (or a placebo) •One way to avoid sample population bias hypothesis - correct answer -a tentative explanation for a scientific observation or question
control group - correct answer -the group in an experiment that no experimental intervention or manipulation dependent variable - correct answer -the measure result of an experiment, analyzed in both the experimental and control groups experiment - correct answer -a carefully designed test, the results of which will either support or rule out a hypothesis falsifiable - correct answer -describes a hypothesis that can be ruled out by data that show that the hypothesis does not explain the observation sample size - correct answer -the number of experimental subjects or the number of times an experiment is repeated. In human studies, sample size is the number of participants science - correct answer -the process of using observations and experiments to draw conclusions based on evidence scientific theory - correct answer -an explanation of the natural world that is supported by a large body of evidence and has NEVER been disproved statistical significance - correct answer -a measure of confidence that the results obtained are "real" and not due to chance ^ samples and ^ time spent = ^significance testable - correct answer -describes a hypothesis that can be supported or rejected by carefully designed experiments or observational studies What P value is significant? - correct answer -Less than. acid - correct answer -A substance that increases the hydrogen (H+) ion concentration of solutions
•reproducible •NEVER PROVEN always supported Pseudoscience - correct answer -•anything that DOESN'T necessarily use SCIENTIFIC METHOD •can be MANIPULATED •a collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method Controlled Experiment - correct answer -•used if want to answer one question •has control group & experimental group •changes one variable Scientific Investigation - correct answer -•involves TESTING HYPOTHESIS •generate multiple Qs •study peer review •carry out controlled experiments •ANALYZE data •support or not the hypothesis Epidemiological studies - correct answer -•inexpensive •potential to study HARMFUL FACTORS •Has statistical power Statistical power is determined by - correct answer -•increases if ^ sample # and ^ time Process of scientific method - correct answer -•Observe •Question •Hypothesize •Predict •Experiment
•Conclude Tests of hypothesis on humans MUST have to control - correct answer -•Sample population based - continuity in groups •each group gets same test except one tweaked (control group) "subject based" •Investigator based - avoid biased investigators (may cherrypick from data) Placebo effect - correct answer -•results in a MEASURABLE change not attributable to medication/treatment •confirmation bias - subject believes something should change •expectation effect - subject thinks there should be an affect Blind Method - correct answer -•to avoid BIAS in studies Single Blind Method - correct answer -only subject does NOT know what they're being tested with Double Blind Method - correct answer -Both subject nor evaluator know which group is which Triple Blind Method - correct answer -Subject, evaluator, and data analyst DON'T know Phrasing Conclusions - correct answer -AVOID OVERSTATING •Summarize results •PRESENT for PEER REVIEW Scientific Fraud - correct answer -•Drylabbing •Filing Drawer Syndrome •Photoshopping Dry Labbing - correct answer -companies hiring an unethical laboratory to fabricate documentation of analytical testing of a product without performing any testing
pH - correct answer -concentration of H+ ions in a solution Most chemical reactions in cells take place in what pH - correct answer -Nearly Neutral How many elements are essential for life? - correct answer - How many elements make up majority of mass of organisms? - correct answer - •Oxygen •carbon •nitrogen •phosphorus •sulfur •hydrogen Elements are arranged by - correct answer -•atomic # •# of valence electrons (columns) •# of shells (rows) Determining bond w/ electronegativity - correct answer ->1.7 ionic 0.5-1.7 nonpolar 0-0.4 polar Why is water polar - correct answer -Asymmetrical •Oxygen has a high electronegativity •Hydrogen only has medium electronegativity Why is carbon a key component of life? - correct answer -•can form up to 3 bonds (triple bond) •ability to form long chains •stable
Carbohydrates - correct answer -•Hydrophilic •Chains of sugar monomers •Act as energy storing molecules •Others provide structural support for cells Disaccharide - correct answer -2 sugar molecules bonded Polysaccharide - correct answer -more than 2 sugar molecules bonded Monosaccharide structure - correct answer - Proteins - correct answer -•Chains of amino acids •Must fold and be 3D to FUNCTION •Hydrophobic or Hydrophilic •Help speed up rate of chemical rxns •moves things through and around cells •help move entire cells Amino Acid Structure - correct answer -•R group is side chain which determines the type of amino acid How are polypeptide chains formed? - correct answer -•when the amino group of one amino acid and carboxyl group of another bond they make polypeptide chains •the OH of carboxyl and H of amino group form H20 making the chain (a hydrogen bond) How are functions of proteins determined? - correct answer -structure Nucleic Acids - correct answer -•chains of Nucleotides •two types: DNA & RNA
Fatty Acids - correct answer - Triglycerides - correct answer -•3 fatty acids •glycerol molecule •a.k.a fats & oils •stores large amounts of energy •provides padding and thermal insulation what are the weakest bonds? - correct answer -Hydrogen bonds what are viruses? - correct answer -•not cellular •infects other cells to reproduce •An infectious agent made up of protein shell that encloses genetic info what are prions? - correct answer -infectious proteins that replicate in cells causing disease 4 primary components of plasma (cell) membrane - correct answer -•phospholipids •proteins (forms channels, and supports) •cholesterol (used for structural support) •glycocalyx (forms a film over cell membrane, can provide resistance from antibiotic) Nuclear envelop - correct answer -layer that surrounds the nucleus What do antibiotics attack? - correct answer -The Cell Wall, which human eukaryotes don't have •they affect the peptidoglycan in cell wall endosymbiosis - correct answer -scientific theory that free living prokaryotic cells engulfed other ones forming eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts
3 principles of cell theory - correct answer -1) Living things are composed of one or more cells
- Cells are fundamental units of life
- all cells come from pre-existing cells What can easily enter the phospholipid bilayer? - correct answer -•Nonpolar •Hydrophobic •small molecules (i.e lipids like sterols (hormones)) Membrane proteins - correct answer -•embedded within or lie on the plasma membrane •important for transport of molecules •structure support •communication •recognition Integral protein - correct answer -Part of membrane protein that is embedded to hydrophobic layer Peripheral Protein - correct answer -Part of membrane protein that is bound to integral protein and extends either inside or outside of cell Peptidoglycan - correct answer -•a polymer made of sugars and amino acids •what makes bacterial cell walls rigid •allows bacteria to survive in watery environment (hypotonic) Simple diffusion - correct answer -•allows small nonpolar molecules to move in and out of a cell •no energy required •no transport protein •(i.e. steroids, O2, CO2)
•provides cell support, cell movement, ad movement of structures within cells •includes: microfilament, intermediate filaments, microtubule Intermediate filament - correct answer -•connects microtubules to each other •can connect to anything Microfilament - correct answer -•allows a more fluid structure microtubule - correct answer -•more rigid and stiff •main base (overall structure) •largest What do plant cells have that animal cells don't? - correct answer -•Central vacuole •cell wall •choloroplasts Plant cell walls - correct answer -•made of cellulose (Bacterial cell wall made of peptidoglycan) •much thinker the cell membrane Chemical reactions can NOT occur without ... - correct answer -Enzymes Essentially, ALL chemical reaction happen in... - correct answer -water How are bonds broken? - correct answer -1)Substrate binds to active site of enzyme 2)Active site changes shape making substrate easier to break 3)bond breaks→resulting products are released Cofactors - correct answer -•Inorganic micronutrients (i.e. zinc, copper, iron) •Structural components (i.e. calcium, iron, potassium, sodium)
What helps enzymes be activated? - correct answer -Cofactors and coenzymes Coenzymes - correct answer -•vitamins •small organic molecules (i.e. thiamine, folate, B12, C) Vitamin B12 is good for what? - correct answer -It's a coenzyme important for an enzyme involved in DNA synthesis What foods provide carbohydrates? - correct answer -legumes fruits and vegetables grains What foods provide proteins? - correct answer -Legumes meat dairy What foods provide lipids(fats)? - correct answer -Dairy Meat Oil Essential means - correct answer -BODIES CAN NOT SYNTHESIS therefore must get from DIET RUTF - correct answer -•Ready to Use Therapeutic Foods •Contains: -Full fat milk powder -Sugar
