GATAUUMBOH GAROHHH KI OPPOEDXWEFC, Summaries of Genetic Engineering

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FUNDAMENTALS OF

APPLIED

ELECTROMAGNETICS

Eighth Edition

Fawwaz T. Ulaby

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Umberto Ravaioli

University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

[Copyright page]

Building on the core content and style of its predecessor, this eighth edition (8/e) of Applied Electromagnetics includes fea- tures designed to help students develop deep understanding of electromagnetic concepts and applications. Prominent among them is a set of 52 web-based simulation modules that allow the user to interactively analyze and design transmission line circuits; generate spatial patterns of the electric and magnetic fields induced by charges and currents; visualize in 2-D and 3-D space how the gradient, divergence, and curl operate on spatial functions; observe the temporal and spatial waveforms of plane waves propagating in lossless and lossy media; calculate and display field distributions inside a rectangular waveguide; and generate radiation patterns for linear anten- nas and parabolic dishes. These are valuable learning tools; we encourage students to use them and urge instructors to incorporate them into their lecture materials and homework assignments.

Additionally, by enhancing the book’s graphs and illustra- tions, and by expanding the scope of topics of the Technology Briefs, additional bridges between electromagnetic fundamen- tals and their countless engineering and scientific applications are established. In summary:

NEW TO THIS EDITION

• Additional Exercises
• Updated Technology Briefs
• Enhanced figures and images
• New/updated end-of-chapter problems
  • The interactive modules and Technology Briefs can be found at the book companion website: em8e.eecs.umich.edu.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As authors, we were blessed to have worked on this book with the best team of professionals: Richard Carnes, Leland Pierce, Janice Richards, Rose Kernan, and Paul Mailhot. We are exceedingly grateful for their superb support and unwavering dedication to the project.

We enjoyed working on this book. We hope you enjoy learning from it.

FAWWAZ T. ULABY UMBERTO RAVAIOLI

iv

Preface to Eighth Edition

v

CONTENT

The book begins by building a bridge between what should be familiar to a third-year electrical engineering student and the electromagnetics (EM) material covered in the book. Prior to enrolling in an EM course, a typical student will have taken one or more courses in circuits. He or she should be familiar with circuit analysis, Ohm’s law, Kirchhoff’s current and volt- age laws, and related topics. Transmission lines constitute a natural bridge between electric circuits and electromagnetics. Without having to deal with vectors or fields, the student uses already familiar concepts to learn about wave motion, the reflection and transmission of power, phasors, impedance matching, and many of the properties of wave propagation in a guided structure. All of these newly learned concepts will prove invaluable later (in Chapters 7 through 9) and will facilitate the learning of how plane waves propagate in free space and in material media. Transmission lines are covered in Chapter 2, which is preceded in Chapter 1 with reviews of complex numbers and phasor analysis. The next part of the book, contained in Chapters 3 through 5, covers vector analysis, electrostatics, and magnetostatics. The electrostatics chapter begins with Maxwell’s equations for the time-varying case, which are then specialized to electrostatics

and magnetostatics, thereby providing the student with an overall framework for what is to come and showing him or her why electrostatics and magnetostatics are special cases of the more general time-varying case. Chapter 6 deals with time-varying fields and sets the stage for the material in Chapters 7 through 9. Chapter 7 covers plane-wave propagation in dielectric and conducting media, and Chapter 8 covers reflection and transmission at discon- tinuous boundaries and introduces the student to fiber optics, waveguides and resonators. In Chapter 9, the student is introduced to the principles of radiation by currents flowing in wires, such as dipoles, as well as to radiation by apertures, such as a horn antenna or an opening in an opaque screen illuminated by a light source. To give the student a taste of the wide-ranging applications of electromagnetics in today’s technological society, Chap- ter 10 concludes the book with overview presentations of two system examples: satellite communication systems and radar sensors. The material in this book was written for a two-semester sequence of six credits, but it is possible to trim it down to generate a syllabus for a one-semester four-credit course. The accompanying table provides syllabi for each of these two options.

Suggested Syllabi

Two-semester Syllabus One-semester Syllabus 6 credits (42 contact hours per semester) 4 credits (56 contact hours) Chapter Sections Hours Sections Hours 1 Introduction: All 4 All 4 Waves and Phasors 2 Transmission Lines All 12 2-1 to 2-8 and 2-11 8 3 Vector Analysis All 8 All 8 4 Electrostatics All 8 4-1 to 4-10 6 5 Magnetostatics All 7 5-1 to 5-5 and 5-7 to 5-8 5 Exams 3 2 Total for first semester 42 6 Maxwell’s Equations All 6 6-1 to 6-3, and 6-6 3 for Time-Varying Fields 7 Plane-wave Propagation All 7 7-1 to 7-4, and 7-6 6 8 Wave Reflection All 9 8-1 to 8-3, and 8-6 7 and Transmission 9 Radiation and Antennas All 10 9-1 to 9-6 6 10 Satellite Communication All 5 None — Systems and Radar Sensors Exams 3 1 Total for second semester 40 Total 56 Extra Hours 2 0

vii

List of

Contents

Preface iv

List of Technology Briefs vii

List of Modules xii

viii

p. 4 (Ch 01-01A): Thales of Miletus (624–546 BC), Photo Researchers, Inc./Science Source p. 4 (Ch 01-01B): Isaac Newton, Mary Evans/Science Source

p. 4 (Ch 01-01C): Benjamin West, Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky, Painting/Alamy

p. 4 (Ch 01-01D): Replica of the Voltaic pile invented by Alessandro Volta 1800, Clive Streeter/DK Images p. 4 (Ch 01-01E): Hans Christian Ørsted, Danish Physicist, Science Source p. 4 (Ch 01-01F): Andre-Marie Amp´ere, Nickolae/Fotolia

p. 5 (Ch 01-01G): Michael Faraday, Nicku/Shutterstock p. 5 (Ch 01-01H): James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879), SPL/Science Source

p. 5 (Ch 01-01I): Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, Science Source p. 5 (Ch 01-01J): Nicola Tesla, Bain News Service/NASA p. 5 (Ch 01-01K): Early X-Ray of Hand, Bettmann/Corbis

p. 5 (Ch 01-01M): Albert Einstein, Science Source p. 6 (Ch 01-02A): Telegraph, Morse apparatus, vintage engraved illustration, Morphart Creation/Shutterstock p. 6 (Ch 01-02B): Thomas Alva Edison with his ‘Edison Effect’ Lamps, Education Images/Getty Images, Inc.

p. 6 (Ch 01-02C): Replica of an early type of telephone made by Scottish-born telephony pioneer Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922), Science & Society Picture Library/Getty Images p. 6 (Ch 01-02D): Guglielmo Marconi, Pach Brothers/Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-USZ62-39702] p. 6 (Ch 01-02E): De Forest seated at his invention, the radio-telephone, called the Audion, Jessica Wilson, Science Source

p. 6 (Ch 01-02F): The staff of KDKA broadcast reports of the 1920 presidential election, Bettmann/Corbis p. 7 (Ch 01-02G): This bottle-like object is a Cathode Ray tube which forms the receiver of the new style television invented by Dr. Vladimir Zworykin, Westinghouse research engineer, who is holding it, Bettmann/Corbis p. 7 (Ch 01-02H): Radar in operation in the Second World War, Library of Congress Department of Prints and Photographs [LC-USZ62-101012] p. 7 (Ch 01-02I): Shockley, Brattain, and Bardeen with an apparatus used in the early investigations which led to the invention of the transistor, Photo Researchers, Inc., Science Source p. 7 (Ch 01-02J): A Photograph of Jack Kilby’s Model of the First Working Integrated Circuit Ever Built circa 1958, Fotosearch/Archive Photos/Getty Images p. 7 (Ch 01-02K): Shown here is the 135-foot rigidized inflatable balloon satellite undergoing tensile stress test in a dirigible hanger at Weekesville, North Carolina, NASA p. 7 (Ch 01-02L): Pathfinder on Mars, JPL/NASA p. 8 (Ch 01-03A): Abacus isolated on white, Sikarin Supphatada/Shutterstock p. 8 (Ch 01-03B): Pascaline; a mechanical calculator invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642, Science Source p. 8 (Ch 01-03C): Original Caption: Portrait of American electrical engineer Vannevar Bush, Bettmann/Corbis p. 8 (Ch 01-03D): J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly, are pictured with the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) in this undated photo from the University of Pennsylvania Archives, University of Pennsylvania/AP images p. 8 (Ch 01-03E): Description: DEC PDP-1 computer, on display at the Computer History Museum, USA, Volker Steger/Science Source

xiii

Photo Credits

xiv

p. 9 (Ch 01-03F): Classic Antique Red LED Diode Calculator, James Brey/E+/Getty Images p. 9 (Ch 01-03G): Apple I computer. This was released in April 1976 at the Homebrew Computer Club, USA, Volker Steger/Science p. 9 (Ch 01-03H): UNITED STATES—DECEMBER 07: The IBM Personal Computer System was introduced to the market in early 1981, SSPL/Getty Images, Inc. p. 9 (Ch 01-03I): NEW YORK, UNITED STATES: Chess enthusiasts watch world chess champion Garry Kasparov on a television monitor as he holds his head in his hands, Stan Honda/Getty Images, Inc. p. 10 (Fig. 01-02A): The Very Large Array of Radio Telescopes, VLA, NRAO/NASA p. 10 (Fig. 01-02B): SCaN’s Benefits to Society—Global Positioning System, Jet Propulsion Laboratory/NASA p. 10 (Fig. 01-02C): Motor, ABB p. 10 (Fig. 01-02D and Page 338 (Fig. TF14-04)): TV on white background, Fad82/Fotolia p. 10 (Fig. 01-02E): Nuclear Propulsion Through Direct Conversion of Fusion Energy, John Slough/NASA p. 10 (Fig. 01-02F): Tracking station has bird’s eye view onVAFB, Ashley Tyler/US Air Force p. 10 (Fig. 01-02G): Glass Fiber Cables, Kulka/Zefa/Corbis p. 10 (Fig. 01-02H): Electromagnetic sensors, HW Group p. 10 (Fig. 01-02I): Touchscreen smartphone, Oleksiy Mark/Shutterstock p. 10 (Fig. 01-02J): Line Art: Electromagnetics is at the heart of numerous systems and applications:, Source: Based on IEEE Spectrum p. 18 (TF 01-01a): Lightbulb, Chones/Fotolia p. 18 (TF 01-01b): Fluorescent bulb, Wolf1984/Fotolia p. 18 (TF 01-01c): 3d render of an unbranded screw-in LED lamp, isolated on a white background, Marcello Bortolino/Getty Images, Inc. p. 19 (TF 01-03): Line Art: Lighting efficiency, Source: Based on Courtesy of National Research Council, 2009 p. 32 (Fig. 01-17): Individual bands of the radio spectrum and their primary allocations in the US. [See expandable version on book website: em8e.eecs.umich.edu.] Source: U.S. Department of Commerce p. 59 (Fig. 02-10c): Circuit board, Gabriel Rebeiz p. 117 (TF 04-01): Microwave ablation for cancer liver treatment, Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) p. 117 (TF 04-02): Setup for a percutaneous microwave ablation procedure shows three single microwave applicators connected to three microwave generators, Radiological Society of North America (RSNA)

p. 118 (TF 04-03): Line Art: Bryan Christie Design LLC p. 150 (Mod 03-02): Screenshot: Gradient, Source: Graphics created with Wolfram Mathematica ©R p. 151 (TF 05-01): Touchscreen smartphone with GPS navigation isolated on white reflective background, Oleksiy Mark/Shutterstock p. 151 (TF 05-02): SCaN’s Benefits to Society—Global Positioning System, Jet Propulsion Laboratory/NASA p. 152 (TF 05-03): SUV, Konstantin/Fotolia p. 156 (Mod 03-03): Screenshot: Divergence, Source: Graphics created with Wolfram Mathematica ©R p. 159 (TF 06-01): X-ray of pelvis and spinal column, Cozyta/Getty Images, Inc. p. 159 (TF 06-02): CT scan advance technology for medical diagnosis, Tawesit/Fotolia p. 160 (TF 06-03c): Digitally enhanced CT scan of a normal brain in transaxial (horizontal) section, Scott Camazine/Science Source p. 162 (Mod 03-04): Screenshot: Curl, Source: Graphics created with Wolfram Mathematica ©R p. 191 (TF 08-01): Various electrolytic capacitors, David J. Green/Alamy p. 191 (TF08-02A): High-speed train in motion, Metlion/Fotolia p. 191 (TF08-02B): Cordless Drill, Derek Hatfield/Shutterstock p. 191 (TF08-02C): The 2006 BMW X3 Concept Gasoline Electric Hybrid uses high-performance capacitors (or “Super Caps”) to store and supply electric energy to the vehicle’s Active Transmission, Passage/Car Culture/Corbis p. 191 (TF 08-02D): LED Electric torch—laser pointer isolated on white background, Artur Synenko/Shutterstock p. 206 (TF 09-06): Line Art: Elements of a fingerprint matching system, Source: IEEE Spectrum by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Reproduced with permission of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, in the format Republish in a book via Copyright Clearance Center p. 206 (TF 09-07): Line Art: Fingerprint representation, Source: Courtesy of Dr. M. Tartagni, University of Bologna, Italy (Mod 05-01): p. 249 (TF 10-05A): CHINA—JUNE 20: A maglev train awaits departure in Shanghai, China, on Saturday, June 20, 2009, Qilai Shen/Bloomberg/Getty Images p. 249 (TF 10-5B and C): Line Art: Magnetic trains—(b) internal workings of the Maglev train, Source: Amy Mast, Maglev trains are making history right now. Flux, volume 3 issue 1, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory p. 313 (TF 13-01): Jersey cow on pasture, Lakeview Images/Shutterstock p. 314 (TF 13-2): Line Art: How an RFID system works is illustrated through this EZ-Pass example: Tag, Source: Texas Instruments