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GDPA PSY4405 ETHICS EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
Law - answer a regulatory code that defines accepted behaviours that are enforceable. Moral - answer a social norm or code regarding acceptable behaviours that are derived from culture, tradition, family that are not regulated by law. Ethics - answer Moral codes that define behaviours in relation to specific fields/areas; generally professional and which define standards of behaviour. These may align with, but may not always be enshrined in law. Ethical floor - answer The minimum ethical standard required by a code; this varies from a positive ethics approach that encourages professionals to act in the highest moral/ethical standard and to be proactive rather than defensive in their approach to ethics. Moral distress - answer stress caused by situations when the law requires action in conflict with a moral stance. How does Knapp propose psychologists resolve moral distress? - answer 1. Understand legal requirements
- Understand ethical obligations
- Generate creative solutions to meet both the legal requirements and ethical obligations
- Where there is genuine, unavoidable conflict act in such a way that minimises violation of the law if acting on morals, or minimises harm to ethics if acting on the law.
- Use reflective practice to anticipate conflicts between ethics and the law What actions should a psychologist take before acting against the law or an ethics code? - answer Consult with relevant bodies, other practitioners. Consider alternatives Document decision making What two elements make up a code? - answer Enforceability or regulation and aspirational elements. What is the difference between the APS Code of Ethics and the APS guidelines? - answer The Code of ethics sets out principles of practice and the guidelines provide interpretation on their application.
What is the difference between a code of ethics and a code of practice? - answer The former is aspirational and the latter regulatory, minimum enforceable standards. The APS code of ethics combines both of these elements. According to Allan what functions does a code serve? - answer Regulatory Educative Supportive of the professional Unifies a profession Shapes the image of a profession Publicly states ethical principles of a profession What are the eight principles underlying the 3 general principles of the APS code of ethics? - answer Dignity and rights of people Autonomy Justice Non-Maleficence Beneficence Veracity Fidelity Responsibility What is a criticism of a principles based approach to ethics? - answer Each principle is discrete and as a whole they do not represent a uniform code, this can lead to confusion and conflict in practice. What are the three tiers of the APS code of ethics? - answer 1. High level principles (3)
- Aspirational implications of the three principles
- Code of conduct - minimum behavioural standards practitioners must meet. What options does Allan outline for development of a future code by the PsyBA? - answer 1 No code 2 Use of a metacode 3 Adopt an existing code other than the APS 4 Continue to use the APS code and monitor its application
What does positive ethics emphasise? - answer Education over punishment.
How does positive ethics help practitioners? - answer 1. It integrates values into daily practice/life
- Encourages reflective questioning about what is truly right 3.Increases practitioner ownership of codes of ethic reducing the risk of violations.
What advantages does Positive ethics have over principle based ethics? - answer It generates sensitivity to everyday ethical issues. It motivates practitioners to act in way that promotes high quality services. It motivates adherence to existing codes.
Describe value ethics over principle ethics - answer Whilst principle ethics describe what is required, virtue ethics outlines the personal characteristics/traits required of ethical conduct. These include: -Integrity -Respectfulness -Trustworthiness -Care or compassion These traits can be fostered through reflective thinking and questioning to guide decisions and behaviours.
What three reasons do Koocher and Spiegel give for unethical behaviour arising? - answer Inadequate training (competence) A lack or lapse in self awareness (rationalising behaviours) Insensitivity (lack of tolerance to other values)
What % of psychologists receive a complaint against them? - answer 20% over a 30 year period of practice
What is a way of describing reflective thinking? - answer Talk less, think more and think aloud
Why is intuition a risk to ethical behaviour? - answer Intuition is based on experience, and our inexperience may lead to incorrect learning.
In what ways does Allan see psychologists interacting with the law? - answer As administrators of the law e.g. mandatory reporting As employees of organisations who may need to meet legal requirements In working collaboratively with other professionals, who may have legal requirements to meet In practicing values ethics, and being aspirational when the law only defines minimum standards Through providing services to others; when dignity and respect may not be easy.
How does the APS support practitioners in relation to legal -ethical dilemmas? - answer Through the provision of Q and A articles. Through the provision of a Professional Advisory Service
Who oversees the training of psychologists in Australia? - answer Australian Psychological Society Heads of Departments & Schools of the Psychology Association Australian Psychology Accreditation Council Psychology Board of Australia
What is the primary role of Australian Health Practitioners Regulatory Authority's 14 Boards? - answer to protect the public an outline the standards practitioners must meet.
What are the functions of PsyBA? - answer 1. registering psychologists and provisional psychologists
How many languages and countries are Australians descendant from? - answer Over 200
What % of Australia's population was overseas born - answer about 1/
What is the life expectancy gap between non-Indigenous and Indigenous Australians? - answer 19 years lower
Culture - answer the integrated values, behaviours, communications, actions, customs and beliefs shared by a group of individuals.
Why can we only ever regard ourselves as a visitor to other cultures? - answer Because the lens in which we interact with other cultures is from our own cultural preconceptions.
What three dimensions characterise culturally proficient psychology professionals? - answer 1. attitudes - moving from being unaware to aware (active)
- Knowledge -
- Skills - competent in assisting diverse people through appropriate interventions.
What are ways a psychologist may learn about other cultures? - answer Formally through training/publications Asking by being curious about client's customs
What is culturally inclusive practice? - answer Recognising that everyone has a cultural identity Recognising that cultural identity and culture are dynamic Within cultures there are differences, due to other factors that influence a persons beliefs, values and behaviours People can have many cultural identities and influences Cultural affiliation is a choice of the individual irrespective of their cultural background.
What does A.1.1 of the APS code of ethics require of psychologists? - answer avoidance of discrimination against people on the basis of age, religion, sexuality, ethnicity, gender, disability or any other basis prescribed by law.
A.1.2. requires psychologists to be understanding of...? - answer the consequences for people of unfair discrimination and stereotyping
What standard of the APS Code of ethics compels psychologists to assist clients address unfair discrimination or prejudice against them? - answer A.1.
What steps must a psychologist take when using interpreters? - answer a. ensure that the interpreters are competent to the task within the context b. ensure interpreters are not in multiple relationships with the client c. ensure interpreters will keep confidentiality d. ensure interpreter is aware of any other relevant provisions of the APS Code of Ethics e. obtain informed consent from the client to use the selected interpreter.
What standard of the APS Code of Conduct supports use of interpreters? - answer B.8. which requires psychologist to cooperate with other professionals when it is appropriate and necessary to provide and effective and efficient service to the client.
What are some key practice issues to think about when working with interpreters? - answer 1. To provide adequate pre and post briefing to support building the relationship and explaining expectations, confidentiality and explore aspects of the experience.
- Manage the interpreter-client relationship as a triad 3.Ensure client is aware of the nature of the relationship and roles of each person
- If having multiple sessions, aim for continuity but respect client's wishes
- Select an interpreter whose first language and dialect matches the clients
- Consider the supports needed by the interpreter to protect from vicarious trauma.
- Have written guidelines and contract for interpreters covering responsibilities
