GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME AND
ITS APPLICATIONS IN SPORT TRAINING
NATALIA VERKHOSHANSKY
THANKS TO DANNY RAIMONDI FOR HIS ENGLISH TEXT REVIEW
2012 - CVASPS NATALIA VERKHOSHANSKY -GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN SPORT TRAINING 1
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Applications of General Adaptation Syndrome in Sport Training by Natalia Verkhoshansky, Study notes of Physiology
The role of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) in sport training, as first proposed by Prof. Ludwig Prokop. the different types of white blood cell reactions to training loads and their relation to the Alarm reaction of Stress. It also covers the main aims of training load flows and the relationship between specific and non-specific mechanisms of adaptation. The document concludes with the implications of long-term training loading on the body's adaptability.
What you will learn
- What is the role of General Adaptation Syndrome in sport training?
- What are the implications of long-term training loading on the body's adaptability?
- How do white blood cell reactions relate to the Alarm reaction of Stress?
- What are the main aims of training load flows?
- What is the relationship between specific and non-specific mechanisms of adaptation?
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GENERAL^ A^ DAPTATION
S^ YNDROME AND
ITS^ A^ PPLICATIONS IN
S^ PORT^ T^ RAININGNATALIA VERKHOSHANSKYT HANKS TO D ANNY RAIMONDI FOR HIS^ E^ NGLISH TEXT REVIEW
NATALIA^ V^ ERKHOSHANSKY^ - G^ ENERAL 2012 - CVASPS
A^ DAPTATION^ S^ YNDROME AND ITS^ A^ PPLICATIONS IN^ S^ PORT^ TRAINING
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. FORMULATION OF THE GAS CONCEPT1.2. THE FIRST ATTEMPTS TO APPLY THE GAS CONCEPT IN SPORT TRAINING1.3. TYPICAL OPINIONS ABOUT THE ROLE OF GAS IN SPORT TRAINING1.4. THE PROBLEMS IN APPLYING THE GAS CONCEPT IN SPORT TRAINING 2. THE GAS CONCEPT: KEY POINTS, CRITIQUE AND UPDATES 2.1. KEY POINTS OF SELYE’S EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS2.2. THEORETICAL CONCEPT OF GAS AND ITS CRITIQUE2.3. GARKAVI’S UPDATES TO SELYE’S RESEARCHES DATA AND THEIR THEORETICALMEANING 3. APPLYING THE GAS CONCEPT IN SPORT TRAINING 3.1. WHAT IS A TYPICAL REACTION OF THE ATHLETE’S BODY ON THE LOADS USEDDURING TRAINING AND COMPETITIVE ACTIVITY?3.2. WHAT FACTORS AFFECTS THE ABILITY OF AN ATHLETE TO ADAPT?3.3. WHAT LEVEL THE TRAINING LOADS SHOULD HAVE TO PROVIDE A TRAINING EFFECT? 3.4. WHAT SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS ARE INDICATIVE OF A FAILURE OF THE ATHLETE’SADAPTABILITY?2012 - CVASPS^
NATALIA^ V^ ERKHOSHANSKY^ - G^ ENERAL^ A^ DAPTATION^ S^ YNDROME AND ITS
TABLE OF^ C^ ONTENT A PPLICATIONS IN THE S^ PORT^ TRAINING
In 1938, H.Selye described the “ syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents Hans Selye (Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada)EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE CONCEPTION OF “ADAPTATION ENERGY”^ American Journal of Physiology,^ vol. 123, 1938^1938
” as the
organism’s response to^ “a stimulus to the quality or intensity of which it is not adapted
”, which
has been termed the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS).2012 - CVASPS^
NATALIA^ V^ ERKHOSHANSKY^ - G^ ENERAL^ A^ DAPTATION^ S^ YNDROME AND ITS
1.INTRODUCTION1.1. F ORMULATION OF THE GAS^ CONCEPT A PPLICATIONS IN THE S PORT TRAINING
“It has been shown that^ when an organism is exposed to a stimulus to the quality or intensity of which it is notadapted, it responds with a reaction which has been termed the “general adaptation syndrome
”. The symptoms of
this syndrome…are largely independent of the specific nature of the agent to which adaptation occurs, so that the reactionhas been regarded as them somatic expression of damage as such.The general adaptation syndrome develops in three distinct stages which have been termed:1, the stage of the alarm reaction; 2, the stage of resistance, and 3, the stage of exhaustion..
To name the effect of^ acute non specific nocuous agents,
Hans Selye coined the term
“ Stress ”, which has been accepted into the lexicon of various other languages.Later, Selye conceptualized the physiology of stress as having two components:1) the development of a pathological state from ongoing, unrelieved stress, and2) a set of responses which he called the “General Adaptation Syndrome”, “
to which habituation or Selye noticed that the changes, which take place within the body during both physical andemotional stress have the same pattern. They disrupt normal physiologic mechanisms andtrigger an array of diseases, which lead to illness and eventually death. inurnment can occur”.“The general adaptation syndrome is defined as the sum of all non-specific, systemic reactions of thebody which ensue upon long continued exposure to stress”.^ Selye H. The general adaptation syndrome and the diseases of adaptation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 6:117-231, 1946^ Selye showed that the organism’s adaptation to stress is mediated by the commonmechanism, related with the activity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis):interactions among glands, hormones, and parts of the midbrain.2012 - CVASPS
NATALIA^ V^ ERKHOSHANSKY^ - G^ ENERAL^ A^ DAPTATION^ S^ YNDROME AND ITS
1.INTRODUCTION1.1. F ORMULATION OF THE GAS^ CONCEPT A PPLICATIONS IN THE S PORT TRAINING
1.INTRODUCTION1.1. F ORMULATION OF THE GAS^ CONCEPT
2012 - CVASPS^
NATALIA^ V^ ERKHOSHANSKY^ - G^ ENERAL^ A^ DAPTATION^ S^ YNDROME AND ITS
The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is the concept,proposed in 1938 by Austro-Hungarian physiologist Hans Selye,as the universal mechanism of the organism’s adaptation toexternal environment.^ A^ PPLICATIONS IN THE^ S^ PORT^ TRAINING The GAS concept was formulated on the basis of H.Selye’s discovery of stresssyndrome - the non-specific organism’s reaction to the influence of diversedamaging factors, such as: intoxications with sub lethal doses of drugs, surgicalinjury, exposure to cold and excessive muscular exercise.Selye conceptualized the stress syndrome as General Adaptation Syndrome,because he postulated that “ stress is the common denominator of all adaptivereactions of the body ”.
Prof. Ludwig Prokop^ was the first who used the Selye’s concept of GeneralAdaptation Syndrome to explain the necessity to vary (periodically decrease)the volume of training loads during the sport training (
Prokop, L. , Rossner F.
Erfolg im Sport: Theorie und Praxis der Leistungssteigerung
. Vien/Munich:
Herbert St. Fürlinger, 1959)^ Prof. Lev Matveev , author of the book “The problem of Periodization in theTraining Process” (1964), was not in agreement with L. Prokop. According toMatveev, the GAS theory of Selye cannot be used as the theoreticalframework of the concept of Periodization, because “
Selye’s stress theory
was based on the pathological material”. 2012 - CVASPS
NATALIA^ V^ ERKHOSHANSKY^ - G^ ENERAL^ A^ DAPTATION^ S^ YNDROME AND ITS
1.INTRODUCTION A PPLICATIONS IN THE S PORT TRAINING
1.2. T^ HE FIRST ATTEMPTS TO APPLY THE
GAS^ CONCEPT IN SPORT TRAINING
Stress is recognised as a typical reaction of the athlete’s body on the loads used duringtraining and competitive activity, so increasing the athlete’s performance is based on theadaptation to stress^ A diagram of the GeneralAdaptation Syndrome modelSTRESSOR
Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome model SupercompensationResistance Phase AlarmPhase^ The Single-Factor Model of Training (The Suprecompensation Model). “The single-factor model …provide a theoretical foundation from the principle ofsupercompensation.…Training may than be described as the process whereby the body is systemicallyexposed to a given set of stressors to enable it to efficiently manage future exposureto those stressors” (M. Siff).
2012 - CVASPS^
NATALIA^ V^ ERKHOSHANSKY^ - G^ ENERAL^ A^ DAPTATION^ S^ YNDROME AND ITS
1.INTRODUCTION1.3. T YPICAL OPINIONS ABOUT THE ROLE OF GAS IN SPORT TRAINING^0? ExhaustionPhase A PPLICATIONS IN THE S PORT TRAINING
In was accepted, that in traditional periodization models, there are multiple bouts of training,resulting in multiple flights of alarm and resistance stages 2012 - CVASPS^
NATALIA^ V^ ERKHOSHANSKY^ - G^ ENERAL^ A^ DAPTATION^ S^ YNDROME AND ITS
1.INTRODUCTION1.3. T YPICAL OPINIONS ABOUT THE ROLE OF GAS IN SPORT TRAINING A PPLICATIONS IN THE S PORT TRAINING
“Important condition of ensuring the training effect is the stress influence oftraining loads, which brings to increasing the level of homeostatic regulationand to mobilization of the body’s energetic and plastic resources”^ Atko Viru. Hormonal mechanisms of adaptation and training. 1981 What the stress influence is? “Stress is the organism’s state (status, condition) characterized by the development ofgeneral non-specific adaptation mechanism, which assures the positive background for theaccomplishment of homeostatic reactions and mobilization of the organism’s defenceabilities.” “Often, stress is related to the influence of a certain unusual or extraordinary strong irritant.However, as it was shown, even very common irritants could be stressors. Obviously,decisive arguments is not the inequality or extreme of this irritant, but its ability to activatethe non-specific mechanisms of adaptation “ 2012 - CVASPS
NATALIA^ V^ ERKHOSHANSKY^ - G^ ENERAL^ A^ DAPTATION^ S^ YNDROME AND ITS
1.INTRODUCTION A PPLICATIONS IN THE S PORT TRAINING
1.4. T^ HE PROBLEMS IN APPLYING THE
GAS^ CONCEPT IN SPORT TRAINING
D.DashevaNational Sports Academy, Department of Sports Training, Sofia, Bulgaria THE SPORTS TRAINING AS A STRESS FACTOR “The adaptation toward the physical and psychological stress is the main factor for obtaining the highsports performance.…The specific program including the stress training is the keystone for creating the psychological stabilityand work-capacity during the anxiety situations as the sport competition.…The stress training is related to the " threshold of adaptive changes". This is the moment, that thestimulus able to provoke a "shaking" effect on the different bodily function must be changed in intention toproduce the new reactions and posteriorly new structural changes”. What level of stressor’s influence corresponds to the "
threshold of adaptive
changes “? 2012 - CVASPS^
NATALIA^ V^ ERKHOSHANSKY^ - G^ ENERAL^ A^ DAPTATION^ S^ YNDROME AND ITS
1.INTRODUCTION A PPLICATIONS IN THE S PORT TRAINING
1.4. T^ HE PROBLEMS IN APPLYING THE
GAS^ CONCEPT IN SPORT TRAINING
“…Selye's notion of a universal non-specific reaction has become accepted in almost allforms of human discourse about life and health, and physiologists in the 1990s use Stressas a unifying concept to understand the interaction of organic life with the environment.However, this modern use of Stress contains none of the physiological postulates ofSelye's original findings…”
Russell VinerPutting Stress in LifeHans Selye and the Making of Stress TheorySocial Studies of Science June 1999 vol. 29 no. 3 391-
The most important problem is related to the term “Stress”Stress is a term that is commonly used today but has becomeincreasingly difficult to define. It shares, to some extent, commonmeanings in both the biological and psychological sciences. Stresstypically describes a negative concept that can have an impact onone’s mental and physical well-being, but it is unclear what exactlydefines stress and whether or not stress is a cause, an effect, or theprocess connecting the two. Russell Viner is anacademic paediatricianand adolescent physicianat the UCL Institute ofChild Health in London.2012 - CVASPS
NATALIA^ V^ ERKHOSHANSKY^ - G^ ENERAL^ A^ DAPTATION^ S^ YNDROME AND ITS
1.INTRODUCTION A PPLICATIONS IN THE S PORT TRAINING
1.4. T^ HE PROBLEMS IN APPLYING THE
GAS^ CONCEPT IN SPORT TRAINING
At the end of 1970°, the GAS concept was updated and reformulated by the group ofRussian scientists, leaded by^ prof. L.Garkavi. It was showed that the tem “Stress” should be used only to name the pathologicalorganism’s reaction on the influence of very strong, damaging stimuli; the stress reactioncannot be a common pattern (common denominator) for all adaptive reactions of thebody. “…It was experimentally verified, that the organism responds on the influence of external and internalenvironmental factors with qualitatively different general non-specific adaptation reactions, whichregularity of development was unknown before: the factors having mild (threshold) or middle(moderate) biological activity provoke the development of different sets of neuro-endocrine andmetabolic changes, which assure, as consequence, a gradual or fast increasing of non-specificorganism’s resistance”.^ State register of the USSR for inventions and discoveries. Discovery No. 158, 19762012 - CVASPS
NATALIA^ V^ ERKHOSHANSKY^ - G^ ENERAL^ A^ DAPTATION^ S^ YNDROME AND ITS
1.INTRODUCTION A PPLICATIONS IN THE S PORT TRAINING
1.4. T^ HE PROBLEMS IN APPLYING THE
GAS^ CONCEPT IN SPORT TRAINING Ever since the first his publications, the crucial argument of their criticism was thatstress, the pathological reaction on the influence of strong, damaging stimuli, cannotbe a common pattern^ (common denominator)
for the adaptive reactions on the mild stimuli
“…Experiments on rats show that if the organism is severely damaged by
acute non-specific nocuous agents^ such as : 9 exposure to cold, 9 surgical injury, production of spinal shock (transition of the cord), 9 excessive muscular exercise, 9 intoxications with sub lethal doses of diverse drugs
,
1°. The organism’s response to the sever damages of acute nocuous agents isindependent of the nature of the damaging agent and represents a response to damageas such.^ …a typical syndrome appears…the symptoms of which are independent of thenature of the damaging agent or the pharmacological type of the drug employed,and represent rather a response to damage as such.” (H.Selye, 1936)^ The acute nocuous agents, having different nature provoked the same pathologic reaction which wasmanifested by adrenal enlargement, gastrointestinal ulceration, thymus involution and deviation from thenormal level of the white blood cells counts (WBC):- raising the leycocytes count (leukocytosis);- decreasing the lymphocytes count (limphopenia);- decreasing the eosinophiles count (eosinopenia).2012 - CVASPS^
NATALIA^ V^ ERKHOSHANSKY^ - G^ ENERAL^ A^ DAPTATION^ S^ YNDROME AND ITS
- T^ HE^ GAS^ CONCEPT:^ KEY POINTS,^ CRITIQUE AND UPDATES2.1. KEY POINTS OF^ SELYE’S EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS^ A^ PPLICATIONS IN THE^ S^ PORT^ TRAINING
Case 1° - initial injury with sub-Case 2° - repetitive treatment withlethal dose of drugrelatively small doses of drug Hours^ Months^
Time
2°. During the response to the influence of acute nocuous agent the organism developsresistance, which overcomes its normal level^ LEVEL OF NORMALRESISTANCE 2012 - CVASPS^
NATALIA^ V^ ERKHOSHANSKY^ - G^ ENERAL^ A^ DAPTATION^ S^ YNDROME AND ITS
- T^ HE^ GAS^ CONCEPT:^ KEY POINTS,^ CRITIQUE AND UPDATES2.1. KEY POINTS OF^ SELYE’S EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS^ A^ PPLICATIONS IN THE^ S^ PORT^ TRAINING