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An overview of immunology, describing the differences between innate and adaptive immune responses, the immune cells that mediate and regulate immune responses, and common terminology. It explains how immune cells recognize and respond to foreign entities and relates basic concepts of immunology to its applications in immunotherapy. The document also covers the function of immune responses, immune cells, and antigen receptors. 400 characters long.
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Immune Reponses
Adaptive
Innate
Function of Immune Reponses
The myeloid lineage comprises most of the
cells of the innate immune system
Granulocytes
Short lived cells that possess granules containing degradativeenzymes and anti-microbial substances^ Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils are sometimes referred to aspolymorphonuclear leukocytes:
Allergy
(Bloodmast cells)
Three Main Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
Immature DCsvery efficient atAg processing (in tissues)
Mature DCsvery efficient atAg presentation (in LNs)
Professional APCs present Ag to naïve T cells and induce activation
Lymphocytes Generally: small inactive cells
3 Types: T and B cells -mediate adaptiveresponses(recognize very specific antigensvia antigen-receptors) NK cells -mediate innateresponses(recognize generalfeatures on tumorand virus-infectedcells)
PAMP Receptors
are enriched on, but are not restricted to innate
Innate responses are initiated upon recognition of immune cells
common
features of pathogens (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors
PAMPs (Pathogen-associated moleculepatterns)-examples:lipopolysaccride onbacterial cell walls (LPS),unmethylated CpG DNA,mannose-richoligosaccarides
Infectious agents first activate innate immunecells resulting in an inflammatory responseCytokines-proteins that immune cells use to communicate/regulateother immune cells, not all cytokines are inflammatory Chemokines- group of cytokines that attract other immune cells
adaptivecellsarrivelater
DCs are important for initiating adaptive
immune responses
This is an important bridge between innate and adaptive responses;a failure to stimulate innate immune cells can lead to poor T cell and B cell responses.
Natural Killer Cells (NK cells) NK cells express inhibitory and activating receptors that recognizeself MHC class I and NK cell receptor ligands respectively
No NK cell activation Preformedgranules
/DC
CD8 MemoryCD8 T cell
MemoryCD4 T cell Memory
Adaptive Immune Responses
Antigen Receptors
Antibody (Ab)
(Cell surface only)
(Cell surface and secreted)
T cell Receptor (TCR)