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Nursing Prerequisite – General Statistics
Final Assessment Review
Jenae noticed that many of her co-workers would opt for the coffee that appeared to be most recently brewed, regardless of the flavor of the coffee offered. This leads her to believe that what she was witnessing was not really representative of everyone's true flavor preferences. She adapted her experimental study accordingly. Select one control in Jenae's experimental study. Jenae places condiments at random places throughout the kitchen. Jenae makes sure that the coffee in different pots is brewed at the same time. Jenae uses different locations in the kitchen for the coffee pots. Jenae monitors the habits of the co-workers who do not drink coffee.
RATIONALE
In an experiment, controls are when conditions are manipulated by the experimenter to keep conditions as consistent as possible. In this example Jenae brews coffee at the same time, so this is a control. 2 The traffic volumes at a major intersection in New York were surveyed every day between one and four in the afternoon for a month to study the traffic patterns in the city. Which of the following types of bias affects the conclusions of the survey? Selection bias Deliberate bias Response bias
Non-response bias
RATIONALE
Selection bias is when the mode of selection introduces a bias in the sample so that it is not representative of the population of interest. Since they only collected information from 1 to 4pm, this is a selection bias.
CONCEPT
Selection and Deliberate Bias I need help with this question 3 A new pet food product for small dogs has been developed to help with tooth decay. Fifty-two dogs participate in the study. Each dog owner picks a card from a standard deck out of a hat. If the card is red, their dog will be in the treatment group. If the card is black, their dog will be in the placebo group. Which experimental design was used? Case-Control Design Randomized Block Design Matched-Pair Design Completely Randomized Design
RATIONALE
Since all dogs are assigned treatment or control randomly by picking a card without considering other factors, this is called a completely randomized design.
CONCEPT
Completely Randomized Design I need help with this question 4 Sam counts how many people came to the local political meeting. He counts 72 people, but forgot about the 4 people sitting behind him.
Designed experiment
RATIONALE
Since the study collected information on people over several years moving forward, it is a prospective study design.
CONCEPT
Prospective and Retrospective Studies I need help with this question 6 A shoe retailer decides to record the styles and sizes of shoes that his customers choose. He records this data for an entire year by keeping track of his customers' purchases. Which statement accurately describes the type of data the shoe retailer is collecting? The shoe retailer is gathering raw data because he is recording shoe sizes and styles by himself. The shoe retailer is receiving raw data on shoe sizes and styles from nearby shoe companies. The shoe retailer is gathering available data because customers tell him which shoe sizes and styles they prefer. The shoe retailer is receiving available data on shoe sizes and styles from nearby shoe companies.
RATIONALE
Since the retailer is gathering the data himself, this would be an example of raw data.
CONCEPT
Data I need help with this question 7 The manager of an amusement park conducts a survey among the people visiting the park to learn their favorite rides. Out of 100 people randomly selected to complete the survey, 25 people have chosen not to participate. The manager's survey suffers from which of the following types of bias?
There is no bias in the way this survey is carried out. Nonresponse bias Selection bias Response bias
RATIONALE
Since 75% of the people didn't respond to the survey, we would worry about nonresponse bias, which means those who didn't respond would produce a very different outcome than those who did respond.
CONCEPT
Nonresponse and Response Bias I need help with this question 8 An insurance firm wants to estimate the percentage of senior citizens in a small town with approximately 2, residents. It asks a group of 85 randomly selected people in the town about their age. Select the statement that is TRUE. The sample is 85 people. The population is 2,534 people. None of the answer choices are true. The sample is 2,534 people. The population is 85 people. The sample is 85 people. The population is 2,449 people.
RATIONALE
Recall the entire set of interest is the population and a sample is a subset of that population. In this question the entire set is the 2534 residents, with the sample being the 85 that were chosen to be analyzed about their age.
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
Observational Studies and Experiments I need help with this question 11 Choose the statement that accurately describes how a city government could apply systematic random sampling. Every resident is divided into groups, and 1,000 people are randomly selected to participate in a survey about city services. Every fifth person in a population is selected to participate in a survey about city services. Every resident in five neighborhoods is selected to participate in a survey about city services. Every individual over the age of 18 is selected to participate in a survey about city services.
RATIONALE
A systematic sample is when every nth element is chosen from the population. In this case, by choosing every 5th household, this makes is a systematic sample.
CONCEPT
Simple Random and Systematic Random Sampling I need help with this question 12 A pizza owner asked 50 customers to taste a new type of topping and found that 40 people liked its taste. Which of these is an example of descriptive statistics? 80% of all people like the taste of the pizza topping. 80% of the surveyed customers like the taste of the pizza topping. 80% of the people in the city where the pizza shop is located like the taste of the pizza topping.
80% of all the pizza shop's customers like the taste of the pizza topping.
RATIONALE
Recall a descriptive statistic is a summary figure which uses the sample information at hand. Using the sample information we know 40 of 50 people or 80% like the taste of the pizza topping.
CONCEPT
Statistics Overview I need help with this question 13 A researcher would like to determine which age groups (18-29, 30 - 49, 50 - 64, 65 or older) in the United States currently identify playing golf as their favorite pastime. Which statistical study would be most appropriate to answer this question? A prospective observational study A survey A census A single-blind experiment
RATIONALE
In order to obtain information about favorite pastimes, it would be best to solicit information from people directly by using a survey.
CONCEPT
Surveys I need help with this question 14 A scientist is conducting a study on the effect of eating chocolate and overall mood. They believe that gender is a significant factor. The participants are divided by gender. Then, within each group, participants are randomly assigned to consume either chocolate or a placebo and then rate their mood for the day. This experiment will run for two weeks. Which type of experimental design does this situation describe?
CONCEPT
Random and Systematic Errors I need help with this question 16 Melissa is conducting a survey of her classmates because her teacher wants the class to learn more about hygiene habits. Melissa has developed a list of 10 questions. “Do you brush your teeth every day?” is the first question she asks. Which type of question is Melissa asking? Closed and binomial question Open question Open and binomial question Closed question
RATIONALE
In this question, the responses are limited and there are only 2 responses. This would be a closed binomial question type.
CONCEPT
Question Types I need help with this question 17 The manager of a food company wants to conduct a survey to find out whether consumers like or dislike a new brand of soup that was recently launched. Which of the following data collection methods is mostly likely to get unbiased results? Ask distributors who supply the products to local retailers about the popularity of different soup brands. Ask the employees in the company which soup is the best. Ask customers who visit retailers within a 15 mile radius of the company headquarters.
Ask customers who visit the grocery store nearest to the manager's house which soup they like the best.
RATIONALE
In order to get the best understanding of which soup is the most popular, they want to get a sense of what brands in general customers like. Although asking retailers doesn't directly contact customers, by asking all retailers about their customers they will better capture customers in general than simply asking those who are near the company headquarters or those who live near the manager.
CONCEPT
Bias I need help with this question 18 A trainer is studying the effects of vitamin D on his athletes. He has realized that there are many potential confounding factors, such as gender and age. To limit the effect of these confounding variables, he decided to first group two athletes together based on these variables (for example, two 21 - year-old males). Then he randomly assigned one person to receive the vitamin D and the other to receive a sugar pill. What type of experimental design does this situation demonstrate? Matched-Pair Design Randomized Block Design Simple Random Design Completely Randomized Design
RATIONALE
By matching on age and gender this is called a matched-pair design.
CONCEPT
Matched-Pair Design I need help with this question 19 The following shows the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for the years 2000 - 2005. All of the values use a reference year of 1983.
The newspaper staff surveys every student in a randomly selected grade. The newspaper staff surveys 30 students from each grade in the school. The newspaper staff surveys random students from every grade in the school. The newspaper staff surveys only the female students in the entire school.
RATIONALE
Recall that sometimes natural arrangements or clusters form which generally are geographic. In this case, each grade level represents a cluster of students in a grade level. From each grade level or cluster, we then select a random sample.
CONCEPT
Stratified Random and Cluster Sampling I need help with this question 21 A team of researchers want to measure the distance covered while driving compared to a car's driving speed. Which statement is correct? The speed of the car is a response variable. The speed of the car is a confounding variable. The speed of the car is a dependent variable. The speed of the car is an explanatory variable.
RATIONALE
The outcome is the response, dependent or y - variable. The variable that explains the response is the explanatory, independent or x-variable. In this case the explanatory variable is speed with distance being the response.
CONCEPT
Variables I need help with this question 22 A survey result shows that cell phone usage among teenagers rose from 63% in 2006 to 71% in 2008. Of the following choices, which statement about cell phone use among teenagers is true? Cell phone usage rose by 11.2 percentage points. Cell phone usage rose by 12.7%. Cell phone usage rose by 8%. Cell phone usage rose by 12.7 percentage points.
RATIONALE
We can note that the absolute difference between 2006 and 2008 is 63% to 71% or 8 percentage points. To get the percent difference we take the absolute difference and divide by the initial value: So we can say cell phone usage rose by 12.7%.
CONCEPT
Using Percentages in Statistics I need help with this question 23 Which of these random samples represents a representative sample of the systolic blood pressure of all patients in a hospital? The systolic blood pressure of 50 patients in the hospital. The systolic blood pressure of 50 children admitted in the hospital. The systolic blood pressure of 50 employees in the hospital.
A local gym conducts a survey among the people in a mall. Which survey question would have a qualitative response? How many servings of fruits do you eat every day? Do you exercise daily? What is the amount of weight you can bench press, in pounds? How much do you weigh, in pounds?
RATIONALE
Simply stating yes or no is simply descriptive and cannot be measured numerically or used in arithmetic, so it is qualitative.
CONCEPT
Qualitative and Quantitative Data I need help with this question 25 A poll was conducted two weeks before an election and showed that the incumbent would win with 54% of the vote, with a 3% margin of error. What is the confidence interval for this poll? 51% to 57% 54% - 3% 54% + 3% 48% to 60%
RATIONALE
Recall for a confidence interval, we take the point estimate +/- margin of error. Using this framework we take the point estimate of 54%, then add and subtract the margin of error, 3%. This gives us a CI of 51% to 57%.
CONCEPT
Margin of Error I need help with this question 26 A factory manufactures bolts. One of its employees, working in the quality control department, checks the first 20 bolts manufactured in a day for possible defects. This is what type of sampling? Convenience sampling Systematic sampling Stratified sampling Voluntary response sampling
RATIONALE
Recall that convenience samples are samples taken due to their ease of gathering information. Since they simply used the first 20 bolts, this is an example of that. Convenience samples are generally biased as they probably don't represent the entire set of interest.
CONCEPT
Convenience & Self-Selected Samples I need help with this question 27 Jenae's study ignored the fact that only some of her coffee choices had caffeine, even though her co-workers preferred caffeinated coffee. Therefore, Jenae decided to label one type of decaffeinated coffee as having caffeine to see what would happen.
RATIONALE
Since the arrows fall away from the bullseye and are spread out we would classify this as low accuracy and low precision.
CONCEPT
Accuracy and Precision in Measurements I need help with this question 29 A different coffee seller offered to sell coffee to Jenae's company for half the cost of their current brand. Jenae knew her co-workers were really partial to the coffee they drank now, so she decided to conduct a study to see if they noticed the difference in flavor. Her co-workers were convinced they would. Jenae provided each person with a sample and said that some had the new coffee and some did not. Only Jenae knew who had which brand of coffee. Jenae's strategy is an example of a(n). matched-pair designed experiment randomized experiment blind experiment completely randomized experiment
RATIONALE
Since participants are unaware of what group they are in, regular or new coffee group, this is referred to as blinding in an experiment.
CONCEPT
Blinding I need help with this question © 2020 SOPHIA Learning, LLC. SOPHIA is a registered trademark of SOPHIA Learning, LLC. About Contact Us Privacy Policy Terms of Use
The manager went over the sales of mobile phones at the store and found that the mean sale was 45, with a standard deviation of 4. On a particular day, 52 mobile phones were sold. What is the z-score of the sale of mobile phones on that day?
RATIONALE
Recall that the z-score can be calculated with the following formula: The given value is 52 phones, the mean is 45 phones, and the standard deviation is 4 phones. Plug these values in to get the following z-score:
