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GEOG 2051 - Namikas FINAL exam
with answers
the frozen water part of the Earth system is called the ________. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Cryosphere Greenland, Permafrost, and the Arctic Ocean are all examples of portions of the ______. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Cryosphere ______ is a measure of energy stored in molecules of an object - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔temperature the amount in storage is going to depend _______ and ______ of energy to and from that object - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔inputs and outputs what are the inputs of temperature? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔solar energy what are the outputs of temperature? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔energy that the earth radiates away the difference in inputs and outputs for temperature is what determines the change in ______ ______. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔global energy
In terms of the Climate System, what controls energy input? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the sun's angle that varies with latitude which cycle has to do with variations in the earth's orbit? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Milankovitch Cycle 3 types of changes in the earth's orbit: - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1. Orbit shape
- Angle of earth's axial tilt
- Direction where axis is pointing True/false: the earth has a circular path to orbit the sun - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔False. it has more of an elliptical shape How long is the orbit shape change cycle? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔100,000 year cycle How long is the angle of earth's axial tilt cycle? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔varies over 41,000 years 22-24° How long is the direction where the axis is pointing cycle? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔23,000 years
How do glaciers form? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔snow turns into firn _____ are little grains of ice that get welded together to form solid mass of glacial ice - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Firn What are the inputs/outputs of glaciers? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔inputs: snow that falls on surface of glacier outputs: meltwater ____________ _______ is when temps are cold enough for some snow to persist on a year-round basis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Equilibrium line the _______ zone is the area above the firn line - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Accumulation the accumulation zone has a ______ budget - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔positive the ________ zone is the area below the firn line due to melting - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Ablation the ablation zone has a _____ budget - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔negative
in glaciers, the ____zone can crack very easily - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Brittle Zone in glaciers, the ______ zone can bend and form, tends to stretch and bend downstream - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Plastic Zone Internal deformation occurs when... - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the weight of the ice causes the deformation of ice crystals meltwater lubricating the bottom of the glacier is called _____ ______. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔basal slip _________ ______ is when meltwater freezes into underlying rock and then literally plucks it out of formation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔glacial plucking _______ is when ice acts like a giant sheet of sandpaper as it carves grooves into underlying rock - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Abrasion 3 kinds of alpine landforms: - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1. Periglacial
- Glacial
- Postglacial
a valley that is cut across by a deeper valley or a cliff - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Hanging valley laid down by meltwater from glacier (larger materials) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔stratified drift sediment that has been laid down where the glacial ice has melted, drops material in place - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Till a plain formed of glacial sediments deposited by meltwater outwash at the terminus of a glacier - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Outwash plain two types of moraines: - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- terminal
- recessional which type of moraine leaves small ridges as a glacier pauses during its retreat - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Recessional which type of moraine is the furthest position the glacier reached? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Terminal the ridge of gravelly and sandy drift, believed to have been formed by streams under or in glacial ice - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Eskers irregularly shaped hills are called ____. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔kames
an inside-out feature that forms from a placeholder sitting there while sediment is deposited around it - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔kettle a low oval mound or small hill that consists of compacted boulder clay molded by past glacial action Created from sediment (till) that's laid down under base of glacier -- depositional - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔drumlin formed by the passing of a glacier, formed from bedrock (has erosional features) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Roche Moutonee a thick subsurface layer of soil that remains frozen throughout the year, occurring chiefly in polar regions - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Permafrost ________ permafrost is found in the highest latitudes and coldest environments - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔continuous when water freezes it expands in volume by 10% and is more forceful - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔frost action forms when there isn't a crack in the permafrost - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Ice Wedge
self-feeders; produce own energy source - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔autotrophs the net primary productivity (NPP) of biomes is influenced by... - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the temperature and precipitation (rainforests vs. deserts) what are the levels of the food chain? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- 1st level -- plants (primary producers)
- 2nd level -- Herbivores (primary consumers)
- 3rd level -- carnivores (secondary consumers)
- 4th level -- top carnivores (tertiary consumers)
- Decomposers -- fungi, bacteria -- get food from rest of food chain What is the 10% rule? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔most of energy gets used by life forms in that tropic level organism will use 90% of energy and 10% is left for next trophic levels 2 categories in Nutrients: - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1. macronutrients (large quantities) --- ex: fertilizer
- micronutrients (small quantities) --- ex: mutlivitamins
cycles that the spheres go through are called... - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔biochemical cycles the carbon cycle increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by ____% - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔50% occurs as a result of fertilizer running off and getting into bodies of water - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Cultural Eutrophication _______ are the largest alterations of biochemical cycles - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Humans tendency for some substances to get stored in the tissues of an organ - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Bioaccumulation increasing dosages as you move up the trophic levels of an ecosystem - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Biomagnification refers to number of specific species - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Population number of different species who all live together in same environment - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Community non-living surroundings of an organism
how they resist disturbance - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔resilience sequence of populations that occupy a location after the ecosystem has been very badly disturbed - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔succession maximized presence of organisms - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔climax community
