Download Geography 2051 - Exam 1 (Namikas) with correct answers and more Exams Geography in PDF only on Docsity!
Geography 2051 - Exam 1 (Namikas)
with correct answers
Physical Geography - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the study of the spatial distribution of phenomena (on the earth's surface) Human Geography - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔One of the two major divisions of Geography; the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes. Lithosphere - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Earth's solid portions; Geomorphology Hydrosphere - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Earth's water; Hydrology Biosphere - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Earth's living things; Biogeography Atmosphere - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Earth's air; Climatology Scientific Method - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A method utilized to create knew knowledge and understanding World Image - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔pre-existing knowledge
Theory - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data; ALWAYS be skeptical Hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A provisional explanation Testing / Falsification - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Experiments or data collection or analysis; cannot prove hypothesis, only disprove Systems Theory / Systems - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A set of objects and their attributes that are linked together by the flow of matter / energy Open System - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Energy and matter can enter and leave the system Closed System - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Energy and matter cannot enter and leave the system Law of Conservarion - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Energy and matter cannot be created nor destroyed Budgets - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔All systems have a budget; a balance between inputs and outputs Storage - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Inputs - Outputs
1-dimensional Data - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Represented by points or dots; the geographical attribute being represented is location 2-dimensional Data - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔represented by lines; pathways or networks 3-dimensional Data - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔represented by polygons Choropleth (3D) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Used to display data that is qualitiative Isoline (3D) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Used to display quantitative data Scales - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A tool that converts measurements on the map to their real-worl equivalent Graphic Scales - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Remains accurate but is cumbersome Representative Fration (Scale) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Doesn't change when we enlarge the map Key or Legend - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A guide to varios symbols, colors, and line types of the map and is the only way to obtain information from specific maps
Direction (Maps) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔North arrow / compass rose Data / Source (Maps) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Useful in evaluating quality and pontential utility of the map Location - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Coordinate system (grid, circle, sphere) Latitude - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔0-90 N-S; Equator for reference (0=equator, 90=poles) Longitude (Meridians) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔0-180 Degrees E-W; Prime meridian for reference Attributes (Projections) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Shape, proximity, distance, area Families - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Cylindrical, Conic, Planar Standard Line / Point - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The only place on the map where all fundamental data attributes are portrayed with complete accuracy
Phanerozoic Eon - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The most recent eon, an interval of time from 542 Ma to the present. Quaternary Period - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The period of geological time from about 2.6 million years ago to the present. It is characterized by the appearance and development of humans and includes the Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs. Relative Dating Techniques (oldest//relatively simple) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Dating techniques that establish the age of a fossil only in comparison to other materials found above and below it; superposition Absolute Dating Techniques - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Dating methods that give specific ages, years, or ranges of years for objects or sites; dendrochronology, radioisometric, isotope, half-life) Uniformitarianism - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Charles Lyell's idea that geologic processes have not changed throughout Earth's history. Catastrophism - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted chiefly from sudden violent and unusual events. Earth's Core - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The extremely hot and dense center of the earth, which is believed to be composed of iron and nickel.
Inner core is solid iron with the highest temperatures and density while the outer core is molten iron and has lower temperatures and density. Earth's Mantle - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Making up 80% of the Earth's volume, it is made up of the Asthenosphere, a plastic or molten layer of earth below the crust, while the uppermost layer of the mantle is more rigid Earth's Crust - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Lowest density and temperatures, the oceanic crust is 3 g/cm3 and continental crust is 2. g/cm Lithosphere - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A combination of the crust and uppermost mantle; floats on the asthenosphere and shifts with currents from within the asthenosphere Trends Within the Earth - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Temperature and density INCREASE with depth, from the surface to the core Common Elements Within the Earth - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Oxygen and Silicon Minerals - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Elements combining to form inorganic crystalline substances Rock - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Minerals mix to form ...
Precipitation Chemical Rock Exanple ... - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Limestone (stalagmites) Organic Rock - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Made up from material previously organic in origin (i.e. coal, shell limestone) Mafic Igneous Rock - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Denser, oceanic crust (basalt) Felsic Igneous Rock - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Less dense, continental crust (granite) Intrusive Igneous Rock - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Internal, slow cooling, coarse-grained Extrusive Igneous Rock - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔External, rapidly cooling, fine-grained Plutons - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Intrusive igneous rock bodies, including batholiths, stocks, sills, and dikes, formed through mountain- building processes and oceanic-oceanic collisions; can be exposed at Earth's surface due to uplift and erosion. Sill - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a slab of volcanic rock formed when magma squeezes between layers of rock
Dike - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A slab of volcanic rock formed when magma forces itself across rock layers Laccolith - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A massive igneous body intruded between preexisting strata Batholith - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A mass of rock formed when a large body of magma cools inside the crust Metamorphic Rocks - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Made when heat, pressure, or fluids change one type of rock into another type of rock Isostasy - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Large scale vertical movements of the Earth's crust Tectonic Plates - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Sections of the Earth's crust that move due to convection currents. Divergent Boundary - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Plates moving away from each other (i.e. sea floor spreading zone) Convergent Boundary - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Plates moving towards each other (i.e. subduction zones in which the older and denser plate gets forced down under the other and creates volcanic activity)
Compression (Force) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Squeezing in towards the middle (fold) Sheer (Force) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Two forces pushing opposite directions that are offset (bending) Folds - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Parallel ridges and valleys Normal Fault - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Tension force Reverse (Thrust) Fault - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Compression force; one side pushes upwards Strike-Slip (Lateral, Transform) Fault - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Sheer force (San Andreas Fault) Oceanic-Oceanic - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Subdution zone creates volcanic activity along the zone and then these volcanoes can create a volcanic island arc mountain system (i.e. Japan) Oceanic-Continental - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Subduction zone created with the oceanic plate going under the continental plate; folding and faulting and volcanic activity over the fault with mechanical and volcanic activity present to create mountains (i.e. Andes Mountains)
Continental-Continental - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Both plates have a relatively low density and neither can be fully subducted under the other and subsequently tremendous mechanical forces occur because of the lack of subduction, folding and faulting (i.e. Himalayas) Joint - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Crack in a rock Fault - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Crack in a rock with movement occuring; earthquakes can occur ANYWHERE with a fault What is the largest fault? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Plate boundaries Asperities - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Points where faults connect Seismic Waves - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Causes shaking experienced at the surface; waves of energy spreading through the ground Epicenter - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Directly above tremors on the surface, experincing the highest energy levels Mercalli Scale - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Subjective scale based on what is felt or experienced
Composite Volcanoes - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Created from powerful explosive eruptions Nuee ardente - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Super-heated cloud of ash, extremely hot, flash-fries everything in its path Ash (Pyroclastics) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Small Lapilli (Pyroclastics) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Large Bombs (Pyroclastics) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔HUGE Exogenic - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Utilizes heat from the sun (i.e. weathering, water erosion, wind erosion, glacial erosion); BREAK DOWN Endogenic - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Utilizes heat from within the core (i.e. plate tectonics, folding, faulting, volcanism); BUILD UP Cratons - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Area of ancient crust or rock; every continent has at it's core, but it can be buried DEEP Shields - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Cratons at the surface Terrane - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A fault- bounded area with a distinct stratigraphy, structure, and geological history.
Relief - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Difference in elevation between the highest and lowest parts of an area Topographic Regions - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The shape, height, and depth of the land surface in a place or region Pyroclastic - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Relating to, consisting of, or denoting fragments of rock erupted by a volcano Lapilli - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Rock fragments ejected from volcanoes Vent - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔An opening in the Earth's crust where gases, molten rock, lava, and rocks erupt. P-Waves - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground (PRIMARY) S-Waves - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side (SECONDARY) Elastic Rebound Theory - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Theory that rocks that are strained past a certain point will fracture and spring back to their original shape
Syncline - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A trough or fold of stratified rock in which the strata slope upward from the axis; picture a two humped camel, the dip between the humps is a syncline
