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Geography 2051 (Namikas, LSU) -
Exam 1 with correct answers
Geography - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the study of spatial distribution of phenomena (of earth's spatial surface) Human Geography - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔study of people and cultures; might look at cities,industry & cultural ideas (and how they're spread) Physical Geography - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔study of the physical/natural components of the environment What are the four major spheres of he Earth system? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔atmosphere,hydrosphere,biosphere,lithosphere Atmosphere - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Earth's air portion; climatology subdivision Hydrosphere - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Earth's water portion; hydrology subdivision Biosphere - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔earth's living portion;
biogeography subdivision Lithosphere - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Earth's solid portion; Geomorphology Subdivision Theory - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔refers to generally accepted knowledge; well-tested & supported by many experiments; always try to be a little skeptical Hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔educated guess; not tested very much or not tested yet Law - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔higher level of theory Goal of scientific method - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔develop new knowledge about the natural world Steps of Scientific Method - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1. Pre-Existing Knowledge/Image of Real world
- Gap in knowledge/problem/question
- Develop hypothesis
- Testing/Evaluation/Analysis System - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔group of objects & their attributes that are linked together by flows of matter & energy
Lag Interval - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔time period between some change in environmental conditions & the response of the ecosystem to that change Feedback - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔system response to some change that acts to influence that original change Positive Feedback - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔enhances/encourages/increases the original change (snowball effect) Negative Feedback - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔reduces/discourages/eliminates the original change (helps to maintain equilibrium) Map - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Two-dimensional model of some portion of the Earth's surface; useful for data storage & retrieval 1-Dimensional Data - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔represents geographic quantity of location; where something is Usually expressed by points 2-Dimensional Data - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔represents geographic quantity/elements of pathways/networks -Expressed using lines
3-Dimensional Data - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔represents geographic quantity/elements of regions; continuous distributions -Expressed using polygons Choropleth Maps - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔maps that identify regions by using assortments of colors, lines, dots, etc Isoline Maps - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔map including data described with numbers, lines connect points of equal value/quantitative data: numeric data Scale - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔tool that allows us to convert measurements on a map into real-life measurements Graphic Scales - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ Representative Fraction - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔generally displayed in numbers; true fractions or ratio form -Quick & easy to use, but won't be accurate if map size is reduced or enlarged Verbal Scale - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔another type of representative fraction Ex: one inch = 2000 feet
Longitude - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔lines that run North & South around globe; tells positions east or west of the reference point ; aka Meridians ** 0-180 degrees East & West Map Projection - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔tool that allows us to fill in gaps and give a continuous view of what things look like What are the attributes needed to produce accurate maps? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-Shape (what shape things are) -Area (how large things are) -Distance (how far between locations) -Proximity (what's next to what) What are the three types of family projections? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1) Cylindrical
- Planar
- Conic Cylindrical Family Projection - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔uses a standard line and as you move further away from it, the more distortion there is Planar Family Projection - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔uses a standard point and the paper is only touching one point of the map
Conic Family Projection - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔uses two standard lines to cut into and out of the map very accurate, but still has distortions Remote Sensing - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔collecting info without physical contact and from a distance Ex: our eyes Electromagnetic Spectrum - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the full range of wavelengths of radiant energy Wavelength - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the distance between the two peaks of two waves The hotter something is, the _____ the wavelengths are - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔shorter What are wavelengths measured in? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔microns Active Sensors - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔sensors that can supply their own energy source ex: using flash on cameras, radar Passive Sensors - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔sensors that require an external energy source
Phanerozoic Era - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔540 million years ago-today Quaternary Era - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the current and most recent period, which is divided into epics Pleistocene Era - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔beginning of quaternary period - 10000 years ago; Events during this time period had huge impacts on earth's surface (huge glaciers forming mountains, etc.) Holocene Era - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔recent and current time period with warmer climate Relative Dating - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔dating things relative to each other (ex. this is older than this); oldest dating technique Superposition - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔type of relative dating; oldest will be at bottom, youngest at top (in terms of rocks) Absolute Dating - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔dating by numerical ages Dendrochronology - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔type of absolute dating; tree dating using tree rings; only allows us to put one side of information on it
Radiometric Dating - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed; useful for dating because it occurs at a fixed, constant rate Isotope - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔elements can exist in different forms, some are stable, and some are unstable (can break down into different materials) Parent Isotope - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the original material Daughter Isotope - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔material that's broken down from the parent isotope (breakdown is fixed/constant) Half-Life - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the time that's required for 50% of the parent isotope to break down into the daughter isotope Uniformitarianism - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔theory with scientific approach to interpreting history of earth; "present is key to past," meaning we can use today's knowledge to interpret the past, since earth probably operated similarly Catastrophism - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔theory that earth's surface was formed in a series of major catastrophies; greatly influenced and linked with biblical times/stories; Linked to idea that earth isn't very old-it's young
Asthenosphere - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔area in mantle that contains plastics that can bend and flow Uppermost Mantle - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔outermost part of mantle, rigid/solid rock Crust - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔two uppermost layers of earth that are referred to as "lithosphere" Lithosphere - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔two uppermost layers of earth's crust (continental crust & oceanic crust) Continental Crust - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔thicker than oceanic crust & composed of lowest density material (lightest) Oceanic Crust - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔thinner & composed of higher density material What's the temperature/density at the outer part of earth? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔cooler temps, lower density What's the temp/density of inner part of earth? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔hotter temps, higher density
What are the major elements of Earth's crust? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔oxygen & silicon (75% of earth's surface) Element - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔basic/fundamental building blocks of all matter Mineral - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔inorganic structure of elements in a crystallized form (occur naturally) ex: Quartz, Feldspar, Mica Rock - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔combination of multiple minerals ex: Granite Rock Cycle - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the cycle through which rocks convert and change into igneous, metamorphic & sedimentary rocks by external conditions and processes Lithification - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔process that binds sediments/materials together Weathering - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the process of breaking down rocks into smaller materials; usually happens as igneous rocks move & shift closer to earth's surface Metamorphosis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔process that turns sedimentary rock into metamorphic rock
Precipitation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔materials precipitate out of substance ex: rock candy, sugar in coffee Organic Sedimentary Rocks (types) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔rocks formed from particles/materials that is organic in origin ex: coal, shell limestone Igneous Rocks - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔rocks formed from cooling and soldification of magma Types of Igneous Rock - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔intrusive extrusive Mafic Magma - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔magma made of oceanic crust material Felsic Magma - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔magma made of continental crust material Intrusive Igneous Rock - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔form in crust, cool slowly & are coarse grained (crystal growth)
Extrusive Igneous Rock - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔form on surface of crust, cool quickly & are fine grained (no crystal growth) Plutons - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔landscape features that are formed of intrusive igneous rock & form within the crust Types of Plutons - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-sill -dike -laccolith -batholith Sill - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔flat sheet of intrusive igneous rock, horizontal Dike - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔sheet-like, vertical igneous rock formation Laccolith - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔sheets of intrusive igneous rock that expand upwards as a dome Batholith - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔very large, old magma chambers where the magma has solidified
Uplift - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔upward motions of land Subsidence - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔downwards motions of land Plate Tectonics - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔plates of earth's crust move, collide, and energy from movement causes boundaries Divergent Boundaries - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔plates trying to move away from each other (these currents raise material and it solidifies, creating a new ocean basin); also called seafloor spreading zone ex: Great Rift Valley Convergent Boundaries - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔two plates moving towards each other, pieces are pushed back down towards earth and melts again (this process is called subduction) Subduction Zones - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔zones of plates that are moving down towards the crust (denser materials are pushed down, lighter materials move up) ** new igneous rock formations occur here ** ex: Mariana's Trench Transform Boundary - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔plates slide past each other in different directions; cause earthquakes
ex: San Andreas Fault Wilson Cycle - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔life cycle of ocean basin STUDY PIC SAVED Global Supercontinent Cycle - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔process of continents and ocean basins breaking apart and colliding back together; takes place over long periods of time Pangaea - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the last supercontinent Energy Source for Plate Tectonics - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔internal heat/convection currents Sources of Evidence for Continental Drifiting - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-Wegener's Drift -Mid Ocean Ridges/Oceanographic Exploration -Paleomagnetic Stripes -Radiometric Dating *** look at notes *** Tension - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔type of force that pulls apart; found along divergent plate boundaries
