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What are the four spheres of Geography
Lithosphere: is the earth. Non-living. Examples include: volcanoes, earthquakes, mountains, and lands. Hydrosphere: all the water on, under or abvoe the surfaces of the earth. Examples include: rivers, oceans, icebergs, and clouds. Atmosphere: the gases that surround the earth. Examples include: air masses, climates, weather patterns, and winds. Biosphere:all living things on the planet. Examples include: animals, plants, humans, and ecosystems. TERM 2
What is
location
DEFINITION 2 Location: Absolute: exact coordinate on a map (longitude and latitude) Ex: google maps The US capitol in latitude/ longitude is 38 53 35 N, 77 00 32 W. Relative: describe where the location is (what is it near?) (gives two locations and relates them between them; example; Shelbourne is 5 km from St. Andrews) TERM 3
Place
DEFINITION 3 Physical Characteristics: landforms, vegetation, water, soil, animals, temperature White Rock housing City Hall Schools Temples (Muslim/Sikh) Multicultural Urban sprawl / Rural community Cloverdale/Newton Athletic Park Rodeo Human Characteristics: How do people make a living. What have people done to the landscape. (how have humans adapted the land for their use helps humans in one way but hinders them also) Bear Creek Park White Rock Beach Tynehead Park Fraser River Number of Creeks and ponds Surrey Lake Size-physical size Green Timbers TERM 4
Human and Environmental Interaction
DEFINITION 4 Human/ Environmental Interaction How humans modify the environment. Examples: conservation efforts, farming, urbanization, pollution. How humans adapt to the environment. Weather, houses. Industry in central Surrey -Building Houses Bridges (Port Mann/Alex Fraser/Patullo) Planting/Cutting down trees Adaptations Dressing appropriately for the weather Winter tires for snow/or heavy rainfall Using umbrellas for rainfall Sunscreen Depend Air we breathe Fraser R. for transportation Food (agricultural area) ALR Blueberries, Corn, Cattle, Strawberries TERM 5
Movement:
DEFINITION 5 Movement of people, animals, and goods. Wind patterns, ocean currents, tides, tectonic plates Information: ideas and news. Skytrain Buses Cars Bicycles Internet (communication) Rail System Highways (Highway 1/99) -Phones Ferries Radios/TV Text Messaging Fax
Region
How different areas are split up. Biomes: rainforest, deserts Mountain ranges Climate types Human created regions? Examples: middle east, municipalities, electoral districts. Vernacular Gang Capital of Canada Ghetto? Drug Car Theft Capital Village West Coast Poverty-ridden Functional District/School Board Postal Delivery The Leader and The Now Formal GVRD BC Canada Municipality Lower Mainland Temperate Rainforest West Coast TERM 7
What were the two main theories of the
beginning of the earth?
DEFINITION 7 Creationism (God created earth in seven days) and Big Bang Theory (Collusion in space and particles began to stick together, and they soon started to create a formation) Impacts in space Large enough not to be pulled into the sun Collision with Theia (another planet) pieces joined earth the other formed the moon Meteorites carried water Heavy elements sunk TERM 8
Lithosphere
DEFINITION 8 A lithosphere is the rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties.Sial: (l means land) continental crust. Upper layer of the crust. Lighter than oceanic crust. (silica and aluminum) GRANITE Sima: outer crust. Lowest point of the crust. Mostly found at the bottom of the ocean. Aqua=a= ocean. (silica and magnesium) BASALT TERM 9
Mesosphere
DEFINITION 9 The mesosphere is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that is directly above the stratosphere and directly below the mesopause. (mantle) 83 percent of earths volume MOHO: boundary between lithosphere and the Mesosphere. MOHO: stands for Mohorovicic Discontinuity** (do not need to know) It is not a zone, rather its a boundary Asthenosphere: a layer of molten rock directly below the lithosphere. Upper mantle: more liquid materials Lower Mantle: more dense materials Density increases as you near the core of the Earth. Convection currents happen here. (moves because everything floats above) -Mountains and volcanoes, divergent plate, trenches, earthquakes. Earth has 13 major plate tectonics that move. More pressure= bigger earthquake, less pressure=lesser earthquake. POLES HAVE STRONGEST MAGNETIC FIELD TERM 10
Convection Currents
DEFINITION 10
Convection is the heat transfer due to bulk movement of
molecules within fluids such as gases and liquids, including
molten rock.he warmer water is pulled northward to replace
the cold water thats been pulled southward. This process
distributes heat and soluble nutrients around the world.
Evidence of the Continental Drift
Theory
Coastline Fit: Puzzle, fit together. EX: east side of Africa and the west side of south America Geological Fit: Rocks: similar mineral makeup and deposits. Coal can only form at similar temperatures Landforms on different continents match Ex: landforms in Africa are nearly identical to ones found in south America. Paleoclimatography: Coal (only forms in tropical regions) Formed in tropical regions Coal present in arctic regions Fossil Correlation: Similar land based fossils Plant life: flora and fauna Fossils found on different continents match (Africa and south America) TERM 17^ Antarctica.
What are the 7 continents?
DEFINITION 17
Europe
Africa
Antarctica
Asia
Australia
North America
South America
TERM 18
List the Great Canadian
Lakes
DEFINITION 18
Huron
Ontario
Michigan
Erie
Superior
TERM 19
List all of the Canadian
Provinces
DEFINITION 19
Ottawa, Canada St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Halifax, Nova Scotia Fredericton, New Brunswick
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island Qubec, Quebec Toronto,
Ontario Winnipeg, Manitoba Regina, Saskatchewan
Edmonton, Alberta Victoria, British Columbia Iqaluit, Nunavut
Yellowknife, Northwest Territories Whitehorse, Yukon
TERM 20
why is the lithosphere partly molten zone?
DEFINITION 20
Caused by convection currents in the asthenosphere.
Plate Motions
Range up to a typical 10-40mm/year, (Mid Atlantic ridge,
about as fast as fingernails grow) to about 160mm/year
(Nazca Plate, about as fast as fingernails grow.)
TERM 22
What are the 3 types of Plate Movement?
DEFINITION 22 Divergent Convergent Transform Fault: visible (orchard) Ex: San Andres Fault Line Divergent: TERM 23
Divergent Plate Boundary
DEFINITION 23 In plate tectonics, a divergent boundary or divergent plate boundary is a linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other. D= divide New lithosphere is being created Mostly found in ocean Effects: mid-ocean ridges and rifts Ex: Mid Atlantic Ridge Called mid-ocean ridges Ex: Iceland (Divergent boundary on land) Uses alternative energy TERM 24
Explain Sea Floor
Spreading
DEFINITION 24 New land continuously being created at mid-ocean ridges. As plates move, magma rises from the asthenosphere (plastic zone) continues to fill the rift (crack), the rock solidifies, and becomes part of the spreading plate. As new ocean crust forms, the rock is magnetized by the magnetic field of the earth. TERM 25
Mid Ocean Ridge
DEFINITION 25 A mid-ocean ridge is an underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonics. It consists of various mountains linked in chains, typically having a valley known as a rift running along its spine. Along the ocean floor a number of segments are offset from one another. Crack appears in the ocean floor between one section. At crack, plates are moving horizontally, in opposite directions. Fault lines are known as transform faults.
Fold Mountains
Fold mountains are mountains that form mainly by the effects of folding on layers within the upper part of the Earth's crust. When the colliding plates are both light continental plates, they buckle upwards forming fold mountains. Ex: Himalayan mountains, Rocky Mountains, Coast range. TERM 32
Ocean to Continental Convergent Boundary
(sima-Sial)
DEFINITION 32
The heavier oceanic crust will sink
A deep trench will form off the crust
Volcanic Activity
Ex: Andes mountains, cascade mountains
TERM 33
Ocean to Ocean Convergent Boundary (SIMA-
SIMA)
DEFINITION 33
One of the oceanic crust plates will eventually sink
below the other
Different than hot spots
Ex: philipinnes
TERM 34
Continental to Continetnal (SIAL-
SIAL)
DEFINITION 34
oth light continental plates buckle upwards causing
fold mountains.
Mountain range
Ex: Mt. Everest (4mm/year) and Manga Parbat
(7mm/year)
Continental Convergence
TERM 35
Continental Shelf
DEFINITION 35
Shallow flat area of ocean floor that continues until the deep
ocean trenches. Can extend for around 100km before the
shelf drops off.
Continental Slope
The continental margin is one of the three major zones of the
ocean floor, the other two being deep-ocean basins and mid-
ocean ridges.
the drop off from shallow ocean floor to the deep
trenches.
TERM 37
Ocean Trench
DEFINITION 37
Oceanic trenches are topographic depressions of the sea
floor, relatively narrow in width, but very long. forms as the
sub ducting zone pulls the leading edge of the other plate
down. -deepest parts of the earth. Mariana Trench: 36,070 ft
Mt. Everest: 29,035 ft
TERM 38
Benioff Zone
DEFINITION 38
A Wadati-Benioff zone is a planar zone of seismicity
corresponding with the down-going slab in a subduction zone.
the point where the subduction plate reaches the
Asthenosphere. -Known for continuous small earthquakes but
can lead to major earthquakes. Known as earthquake zone
TERM 39
Transform Fault (Tear/ Strike and Slip Fault:
DEFINITION 39 When two plates slide horizontally past each other, surface area is neither created nor destroyed. San Andres in California. At San Andres Fault, the Pacific Plate is attempting to move to the northwest, and is rubbing against the north American plate. Thousands of earthquakes occur along this plate. Known for earthquakes (other plates have earthquakes but earthquakes are frequent here) Pressure builds up when the [plates stop moving because they get stuck. The pressure eventually builds up and breaks resulting in an earthquake. Produces great friction. TERM 40
Subduction Zone
DEFINITION 40
Subduction is a geological process that takes place at
convergent boundaries of tectonic plates where one plate
moves under another and is forced or sinks due to gravity
into the mantle.
How will Rocks respsond to stress? 3 ways
RITTLE FRATURE: is when a rock is subjected to too much stress all at once, breaks ELASTIC DEFORMATION: occurs when a rock is subjected to slow, steady stress; deformation (change in shape) occurs but when the stress is removed, the rock returns to its normal shape. DUCTILE DEFORMATION: occurs when rock is subjected to slow, steady stress applied over an extended time Fractures are more likely to occur near surface, while folds occur deeper in earth where temperature, pressure, and overlying layers create a sandwich effect.
