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GI Biochemistry of Vitamins Questions with Answers, Exams of Biochemistry

Virginia State University (VSU)Biochemistry

GI Biochemistry of Vitamins Questions with Answers

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 07/02/2025

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GI Biochemistry of Vitamins Questions with Answers
1. Adequate stomach acid is needed for effective absorption of which
7 things?: 1) B12
2) C
3) Fe
4) Zn
5) Ca
6) Mg
7) Folate
2. What are 3 causes of decreased HCl?: 1) Atrophic gastritis
2) Gastric bypass surgery
3) PPIs
3. Before the use of PPI use, levels of which things should be assessed?:
1) Mg
2) B12
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GI Biochemistry of Vitamins Questions with Answers

  1. Adequate stomach acid is needed for effective absorption of which 7 things?: 1) B
  1. C
  2. Fe
  3. Zn
  4. Ca
  5. Mg
  6. Folate
  1. What are 3 causes of decreased HCl?: 1) Atrophic gastritis
  1. Gastric bypass surgery
  2. PPIs
  1. Before the use of PPI use, levels of which things should be assessed?:
  1. Mg
  2. B
  1. Ca
  2. Bone status
  1. What is pancreatic exocrine insufficiency?: Insufficient pancreatic enzyme production *Lipase, amylase, trypsin, or chymotrypsin
  2. What are the 4 main causes of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency?: 1) Chronic pancreatitis
  1. Cystic fibrosis
  2. Type 1 and 2 diabetes
  3. Smoking
  1. What are the symptoms of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency?: 1) Steatorrhea
  1. Fat soluble vitamin deficiencies
  2. Other nutrient deficiencies (B12, folate, iron, calcium)
  1. Animal-based proteins are higher in...: 1) Total calories
  1. Total fat
  2. Saturated fats

De- crease

  1. What are the 2 benefits of the slowed gastric emptying caused by dietary lipids?: 1) Lowered HbA1c
  1. Satiety
  1. Which fats are associated with higher mortality and which are associated with lower mortality?: Higher mortality: trans and saturated fats Lower mortality: mono and polyunsaturated fats
  2. What is lactose intolerance?: The inability to digest/absorb lactose due to inadequate lactase enzyme production
  3. What are some of the symptoms of lactose intolerance?: Gas, bloating, nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea
  4. What is primary lactose intolerance?: Lactase production declines in late childhood or adulthood *Most common
  5. What is secondary lactose intolerance?: Conditions of the small intestine

that damage lactase producing cells *Associated with celiac disease, bacterial overgrowth, and Crohn's disease

  1. What is congenital/developmental lactose intolerance?: Infants with com- plete absence of lactase activity
  2. How do you diagnose lactose intolerance?: Hydrogen breath test
  3. Which forms of dairy are the most tolerated in a person with lactose intolerance?: 1) Cheese (more aged/harder)
  1. Yogurt *During the production of cheeses and yogurts, the lactose is broken down
  1. How do you treat lactose intolerance?: 1) Lactase enzyme supplements
  1. Lactose-free products

3) E

4) K

  1. True or False: toxicities are more common in fat soluble vitamins due to the accumulation in storage fat: TRUE *Vitamins E and K are exceptions
  2. Which vitamin is necessary for the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme of glycolysis and the TCA cycle?: Thiamine pyrophosphate (B1) *B1 deficiency can lead to a blockade of PDH and buildup of lactate
  3. Thiamin (B1) is critical for which organ, that relies on complete oxidation of glucose for energy?: Brain
  4. Which other enzyme in the TCA cycle requires thiamine pyrophosphate (B1)?: alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
  5. Metabolism of branched-chain amino acids requires which vitamin?: Thi- amine pyrophosphate (B1)
  6. Some mutations of the branched-chain alpha-ketoglutarate dehydroge- nase enzyme are thiamine pyrophosphate responsive. What disease is

caused by these mutations?: Maple syrup urine disease

  1. Thiamin (B1) is required by which enzyme that is necessary in the pen- tose-phosphate pathway?: HMP transketolase
  2. What is the name of the classic disease caused by thiamin (B1) deficien- cy?: Beriberi
  3. What are the 2 types of beriberi?: Dry and wet
  1. What is Korsakoff syndrome?: Confabulation, personality change, memory loss
  2. What is the main cause of B1 deficiency/Wernicke-Korsakoff?: Chronic alcoholism
  3. How do you treat alcohol intoxication?: B
  4. What test do you use to asses B1 status?: RBC transketolase assay
  5. What are the 2 active coenzyme forms of riboflavin (B2)?: 1) Flavin mononu- cleotide (FMN)
  1. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
  1. What are the functions of FMN and FAD?: Highly versatile redox cofactors
  2. What degrades B2?: Light
  3. Why should B2 be supplemented with neonates that undergo photothera- py for jaundice?: Because the phototherapy breaks down B2 and puts the child in a B2 deficiency
  4. True or False: vitamin B2 is probably effective in treating migraines: TRUE
  5. What are the 2 main forms of dietary niacin?: 1) Nicotinic acid
  1. Nicotinamide
  1. Is nicotinic acid found in plants or animals? What about nicotinamide?: - Nicotinic acid: plants Nicotinamide: animals
  2. Niacin (B3) is synthesized from which amino acid?: Tryptophan

ab- sorption for B3 synthesis. Symptoms are very similar to niacin (B3) deficiency

  1. How do you treat Hartnup disease?: High protein diet and B
  2. Small amounts of biotin (B7) is synthesized by intestinal...: Bacteria
  3. What is the function of biotin (B7)?: Carboxylation reactions (gluconeogene- sis, fatty acid synthesis, BCAA metabolism)
  4. What causes a biotin (B7) deficiency?: Avidin protein in raw egg whites binds biotin making it unavailable
  5. What is the name of the rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by a biotin (B7) deficiency?: Multiple carboxylase deficiency
  6. What are the active coenzyme forms of pyridoxine (B6)?: 1) Pyridoxal phos- phate (PALP, PLP)
  1. Pyridoxamine phosphate (PAMP, PMP)
  1. True or False: pyridoxine (B6) is needed for just about everything the body does with amino acids: TRUE *Transaminations, decarboxylations, etc.
  1. What is the end product of decarboxylating histidine?: Histamine
  2. Which neurotransmitter is synthesized from glutamate?: GABA
  3. Which neurotransmitter is synthesized from tryptophan?: Serotonin
  4. Which neurotransmitter is synthesized from tyrosine?: Dopamine --> nor- epinephrine --> epinephrine
  5. Pyridoxine (B6) functions in homocysteine metabolism. What is homo- cystinuria type I?: Caused by a pyridoxine (B6) deficiency and the impairment of
  1. Tocotrienol
  1. Severe vitamin E deficiency causes which 3 symptoms?: 1) Hemolytic ane- mia (premature infants)
  1. Neurological symptoms
  2. Fat malabsorption syndromes
  1. What are the functions of vitamin C?: 1) Antioxidant
  1. Iron absorption
  2. Collagen synthesis
  1. Describe the antioxidant properties of vitamin C?: Quenches free radicals and recycles vitamin E
  2. Vitamin C enhances iron absorption by keeping it in which form?: Ferrous (Fe2+)
  3. Do smokers need more or less vitamin C?: More *Due to higher turnover of ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
  4. What is the name of the disease associated with vitamin C deficiency?: - Scurvy
  1. What is the function of retinol (vitamin A)?: 1) Reproduction
  1. Spermatogenesis
  2. Treat measles and severe acne
  1. What is the function of retinal (vitamin A)?: Vision
  2. What is the function of retinoic acid (vitamin A)?: 1) Normal epithelial cells differentiation