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GMS 6440 Fundamentals Final EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
T/F: Cardiac muscle contraction is considered to be voluntary movement. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔False It moves involuntarily. T/F: In the gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle is the major muscle type.
- CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔True T/F: In our body, approximately 8 liters of intestinal juices are secreted into the GI tract daily, but only 100 ml of water is secreted into the feces. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔True T/F: Normal movement of blood flow in the heart is: left atrium-left ventricle-lung-right atrium-right ventricle. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔False Right atrium - right ventricle - lung - left atrium- left ventricle T/F: Normally, humans have 2 lobes in the right lung and 3 lobes in the left lung. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔False 3 lobes in the right lung and 2 lobes in the left lung
T/F: In the lung, gas exchange occurs mostly at the alveoli. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔True T/F: The urinary system is normally composed of two kidneys, two ureters and two bladders. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔False Two kidneys, two ureters, and ONE bladder T/F: Filtered wastes from the glomerulus will move in the following order: Bowman's capsule-proximal tubule-distal tubule-loop of Henle-collecting duct. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔False Bowman's Capsule - proximal tubule - loop of Henle - distal tubule - collecting duct T/F: Both endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in controlling the activities of many different organ systems to maintain homeostasis. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔True T/F: Specificity of hormone action in the target cells is determined by receptors. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔True T/F: The area of nerve axon not wrapped by myelin sheath (non- myelinated area) is called nodes of Ranvier where action potential is insulated. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔False Myelin sheath insulates action potential. Action potential propagates faster by skipping myelinated axon, and jumping from nodes of Ranvier to another node.
T/F: There is only one type of channel in cell membranes. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔False T/F: Regarding primary active transport, solutes move from a compartment of low concentration to a compartment of high concentration.
- CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔True T/F: Regarding secondary active transport of glucose, the movement of glucose is from a compartment of high concentration to a compartment of low concentration. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔False T/F: All transport through membrane channels is classified as "Active" transport. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔False T/F: Electrolytes are pumped and leak across cell membranes simultaneously but independently. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔True At what point in time does the electrochemical equilibrium potential exist?
- CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔at equilibrium What is a major factor that regulates an electrolyte's electrochemical equilibrium potential across a cell membrane? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Concentration (chemical) gradient
T/F: The electrochemical equilibrium potential for a single highly permeant ion species is controlled by the concentration gradient. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔True T/F: Movement of a charged electrolyte is determined by the major forces of voltage plus chemical concentration gradients - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔True T/F: The cellular K+ Electrochemical Equilibrium Potential is regulated by concentration differences across plasma membranes, assuming that the membrane's relative permeability to K+ is very high. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔true Which of these ion choices is primarily responsible for establishing a typical cell membrane's "resting" potential?
- Mg++
- Na+
- K+ - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔K+ T/F: Excessive extracellular acid (i.e., [H+] ) will raise the concentration of extracellular potassium ion concentration. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔True T/F: Cell Membrane Potential is controlled by the relative degree of ion permeability as well as ion concentration gradients existing across a cell's plasma membrane. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔True
All movement across the capillary wall is passive, driven by hydrostatic and colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressures. T/F: The osmolality of the body fluids is greater when all the solutes are large. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔False The total number of particles, irrespective of size, determines osmolality. T/F: All water movement in and out of cell is passive. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔True Water movement is drive by solute (osmotic) gradients across the cell wall T/F: Sodium (Na) is effectively impermeable at the cell wall. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔True Any Na that does enter the cell will be immediately removed by the Sodium potassium ATPase in the cell wall. T/F: Eating a meal high in salt, without drinking any water will lead to an increase in both intracellular and extracellular fluid volume. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔False This is a Hypertonic expansion: Ingest NaCl stays extracellular, increases the ECF osmolality, H2O moves OUT of cells to restore osmotic equilibrium. Decrease in ICFV, increase in ECFV.
T/F: A pure water solution can safely be infused intravenously to a dehydrated person. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔False Water will enter the surrounding cells causing swelling and lysis. The potassium released in to the extracellular fluid by cell lysis can be fatal. A 5% glucose solution is iso-osmotic to body fluids, so safe to infuse. After metabolism of the glucose this is equivalent to giving pure water. T/F: Hormones produce physiological actions by binding to receptors at their target cells/tissues. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔True T/F: There are specific receptors for each hormone. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔True T/F: Receptors for peptide hormones are always on the inside (cytoplasm; nucleus) of target cells. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔False T/F: GPCR are also known as seven trans-membrane (7TM) receptors. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔True T/F: Gaq proteins couple to adenylyl cyclase. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔False T/F: Activation of ionotropic receptors results in an ion (Ca2+; Na+) moving into the target cell through a channel in the receptor. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔True
T/F: Afferent nerves transmit information from the central nervous sytem to the peripheral nervous system. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔False T/F: The autonomic nervous system has 3 divisions. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔True T/F: Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system constricts the airways. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔True T/F: The cell bodies of postganglionic neurons are in the central nervous system. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔False T/F: Acetylcholine acts on alpha and beta receptors. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔False T/F: The adrenal medulla releases norepinephrine and epinephrine directly into the blood stream. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔True T/F: Negative feedback in the autonomic nervous system requires an afferent signal. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔True T/F: The parasympathetic nervous system innervates the external sphincter of the bladder. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔False
T/F: Referred pain is caused by convergence of somatic and autonomic information within the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔False T/F: Inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system inhibits urination primarily by inhibiting the detrusor muscle. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔False T/F: The hypothalamus can directly control preganglionic sympathetic neurons. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔True To generate conventional transgenic mice, DNA will be injected into:
- embryonic stem (ES) cells
- fertilized mouse eggs - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔fertilized mouse eggs T/F: To determine success of homologous recombination of targeting vector in ES cells, Northern blotting will be utilized. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔False Southern Blotting T/F: Using Cre recombinase, we can control DNA recombination and delete specific genomic areas flanked by FLP sequences. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔False Cre recognizes LoxP sites
example of a macromolecule - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔protein molecule, DNA molecule example of an organelle - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔mitochondrion, golgi apparatus, nucleus example of a cell - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔muscle cell, nerve cell example of a tissue - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔simple squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue example of an organ - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔skin, heart, kidney, brain, stomach example of an organ system - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔skeletal system, digestive system example of an organism - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔human T/F: structure is always related to function - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔true Anatomy is the study of - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔structure
physiology is the study of - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔function What are the characteristics of life? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔respiration, digestion, absorption, assimilation, circulation, excretion what is respiration - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide, releasing energy from foods what is digestion - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔breakdown of food substances into simpler forms what is absorption - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids what is assimilation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms what is circulation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔movement of substances in body fluids what is excretion - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions what is the foundation of all physiology - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔homeostasis
in a stretching arm the bicep ______ and the tricep _____ - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔bicep extends and the tricep contracts major organs of the muscular system - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔skeletal muscle and associated tendons how many skeletal muscles are there - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ 650 what are the functions of the muscular system - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Provides movement Provides protection and support for other tissues Generates heat that maintains body temperature when moving a muscle __% of energy is used to move and __% of energy is used to generate heat - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔40% used to move 60% used to generate heat what are the two proteins in skeletal muscle - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔actin and myosin which skeletal muscle proteins is ropelike and which is ladder like - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Ropelike - myosin ladder like - actin
what are the 3 muscle types - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle describe skeletal muscle - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔contractile proteins form an alternating pattern of light and dark bands called striations what is the organization of skeletal muscle fibers - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔same direction describe cardiac muscle - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔rich with capillaries, connective tissue supplies blood to the elongated muscle cell describe smooth muscle - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔these spindle shaped cells, each containing a dark nucleus are grouped in irregular bundles organization of smooth muscle fibers - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔different directions examples of smooth muscle - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔esophagus and stomach major organs of the digestive system - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
what kind of muscle is the large intestine - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔smooth muscle top 2 types of cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔lung is 1, colon is 2 what is gastric bypass surgery - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔when the upper stomach is cut and reconnected major organs of the cardiovascular system - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔heart, blood, blood vessels functions of the cardiovascular system - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature the heart and lungs are ______ connected and occupy the _________ and protected by the ________ - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔serially thoracic cavity ribs arteries contain (oxygen/deoxygenated) blood while veins contain (oxygen/deoxygenated) blood - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔arteries --> oxygenated blood veins --> deoxygenated blood
order of blood flow with valves - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔right atrium --> tricuspid valve --> right ventricle --> pulmonary aorta --> lungs --> pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> bicuspid valve --> left ventricle order of blood vessels - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔left ventricle --> aorta --> artery --> arteriole --> capillary where O2 is supplied and nutrients to the tissues --> venule --> vein --> vena cava --> right atrium causes of heart attack - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔reduced coronary artery blood flow which causes angina pectoris or myocardial infarction how to diagnose a heart attack - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ECG major organs of the respiratory system - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli functions of the respiratory system - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs) provides oxygen to blood stream removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream produces sounds for communication lobes of the lungs - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔right lung: 3 left lung: 2
