BIOLOGY EOC REFERENCE SHEET - Part 1
• Structure and Functions of Organic Molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids)
• Structure and Functions of Cells, Cellular Organelles, Cell Specialization, Communication Among Cells
• Cell as a Living System, Homeostasis, Cellular Transport, Energy Use and Release in Biochemical Reactions
• Structure and Function of Enzymes, Importance in Biological Systems
• Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis; Properties of Water
ORGANIC MOLECULES:
Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in all living things.
- Carbohydrates
major source of energy and include sugars and starches
made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
plants and animals use carbohydrates for maintaining structure within the cells
- Proteins
Nitrogen-containing compounds made up of chains of amino acids
20 amino acids can combine to form a great variety of protein molecules
can compose enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural components
- Lipids
water-insoluble (fats and oils)
made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; composed of glycerol and fatty acid
provide insulation, store energy, cushion internal organs, found in biological membranes
saturated (with hydrogen, single bonds, see example ) and unsaturated (double bonds)
- Nucleic Acids
direct the instruction of proteins
genetic information an organism receives from its parents
two types: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
CARBOHYDRATE
(Sugar – Glucose)
PROTEIN
(One Amino Acid)
LIPID
NUCLEIC ACID
(One Nucleotide)
CELL ORGANELLES:
- Chloroplast – capture solar energy for
photosynthesis (plant cells, some algae)
- Golgi Body – package, distribute products
- Lysosomes – digests excess products
and food particles
- Mitochondria – transform energy through
respiration
- Nucleus – contains DNA which controls
cellular activities
- Ribosome – produce proteins
- Vacuole – store substances
- Cell (plasma) membrane – phospholipid
bilayer that protects and encloses the cell;
controls transport; maintains homeostasis
- Cell wall – rigid second layer that protects
and encloses the cell (plant cells and
some bacteria)
- Cytoplasm – fluid-like substance that
contains various membrane-bound
structures (organelles) that perform
various functions
- Endoplasmic Reticulum – site of
chemical reactions
- ROUGH: contains ribosomes
- SMOOTH: lipid production
- Cytoskeleton – provides internal structure
- MICROFILAMENTS: fibers
- MICROTUBULES: cylinders
CELL TYPES:
- Unicellular – organism that exists as a
singular, independent cell
- Multicellular – organism that exists as
specialized groups of cells; cells are
organized into tissues that perform the
same function; tissues form organs and
organs make up an organ system
- Prokaryote – has nuclear material in
the center of the cell, but is not enclosed
by a nuclear membrane; no membrane-
bound organelles; found in bacteria and
blue-green bacteria
- Eukaryote – contain a clearly defined
nucleus enclosed by a nuclear
membrane and membrane-bound
organelles; found in plants, animals,
fungi, and protists
CELL THEORY:
- The cell is the basic unit of life.
- All organisms are composed of cells
- All cells come from pre-existing
cells.
CELL SPECIALIZATION:
- cells >>>> tissues >>>> organs >>>> organ systems >>>> organism
- each cell performs a specific function for each tissue or organ
- as cells mature, they shape and contents change
- as cells become specialized they may contain organelles that are NOT
common to all cells (for example: plastids, cell wall, vacuole, centriole)
- design and shape of a cell is dictated by its function and the conditions
under which it works
- multicellular organisms exhibit greater cellular specialization, such as red
blood cells, nerve cells, and gland cells
