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E. Aronson and D. Linder
proposed the gain-loss principle (an evaluation that changes
will have more effect than an evaluation that remains
constant
TERM 2
S. Asch
DEFINITION 2
studied conformity by asking subjects to compare the
lengths of lines
TERM 3
D. Bem
DEFINITION 3
developed the self-perception theory as an alternative to
cognitive dissonance theory
TERM 4
K. Clark and M. Clark
DEFINITION 4
performed study on doll preferences in African American
children; the results were used in the 1954 Brown v. Topeka
Board of Education Supreme Court case
TERM 5
J. Darley and B.
Latane
DEFINITION 5
proposed that there were two factors than could lead to non-
helping; social influence and diffusion of responsibility
A. Eagly
Suggested that gender differences in conformity were not
due to gender, per se, but to differing social roles
TERM 7
L. Festinger
DEFINITION 7
developed cognitive dissonance theory; also developed the
social comparison theory
TERM 8
E. Hall
DEFINITION 8
studied norms for interpersonal distance in interpersonal
interactions
TERM 9
F. Heider
DEFINITION 9
developed balance theory to explain why attitudes change;
also developed attribution theory and divided attributions
into two categories: dispositional and situational
TERM 10
C. Hovland
DEFINITION 10
studied attitude change
T. Newcomb
studied political norms
TERM 17
R. Petty and J.
Cacioppo
DEFINITION 17
developed elaboration likelihood model or persuasion
(central and peripheral routs to persuasion)
TERM 18
S. Schachter
DEFINITION 18
studied relationship between anxiety and the need for
affiliation
TERM 19
M. Sherif
DEFINITION 19
using autokinetic effect to study conformity; also performed
Robber's Cave experiment and found that having
superordinate goals increased intergroup cooperation
TERM 20
R. Zajonc
DEFINITION 20
studied the mere exposure effect; also resolved problems
with the social facilitation effect by suggesting that the
presence of others enhances the emission of dominant
responses and impairs the emission of non-dominant
responses
P.
Zimbardo
performed prison simulation and used concept of
deindividuation to explain results
TERM 22
M. Ainsworth
DEFINITION 22
devised the "strange situation" to study attachment
TERM 23
D. Baumrind
DEFINITION 23
studied the relationship between parental style and
aggression
TERM 24
J. Bowlby
DEFINITION 24
studied attachment in human children
TERM 25
N. Chomsky
DEFINITION 25
linguist who suggested that children have an innate capacity
for language aquisition
H. Harlow
used monkeys and "surrogate mothers" to study the role of
contact comfort and bond formation
TERM 32
L. Kohlberg
DEFINITION 32
studied moral development using moral dilemmas
TERM 33
J. Locke
DEFINITION 33
British philosopher who suggested that infants had no
predetermined tendencies, that they were blank slates
(tabula rasa) to be written on by experience
TERM 34
K. Lorenz
DEFINITION 34
studied imprinting in birds
TERM 35
J. Piaget
DEFINITION 35
outlined four stages of cognitive development
J.
Rousseau
French philosopher who suggested that development could
unfold without help from society
TERM 37
L .Terman
DEFINITION 37
performed longitudinal study on gifted children
TERM 38
R. Tyron
DEFINITION 38
studied the genetic basis of maze-running abilities in rats
TERM 39
L. Vygotsky
DEFINITION 39
studied cognitive development; stressed the importance of
the zone of proximal development
TERM 40
A. Adler
DEFINITION 40
psychodynamic theorist best known for the concept of the
inferiority complex
J. Eysench
Trait theorist who proposed two main dimensions on which
human personalities differ: introversion-extroversion and
emotional stability-neuroticism
TERM 47
A. Freud
DEFINITION 47
founder of ego psychology
TERM 48
K. Horney
DEFINITION 48
psychodynamic theorist who suggested there were three
ways to relate to others: moving toward, moving against, and
moving away from
TERM 49
C. Jung
DEFINITION 49
psychodynamic theorist who broke with Freud over the
concept of the libido; suggested that the unconscious could
be divided into the personal unconscious and the collective
unconscious, which archetypes being the collective
unconscious
TERM 50
G. Kelly
DEFINITION 50
based personality theory on the notion of "individual as
scientists"
O. Kernberg
object-relations theorist
TERM 52
M. Klein
DEFINITION 52
object-relations theorist
TERM 53
K. Lewin
DEFINITION 53
phenomenological personality theorist who developed field
theory
TERM 54
M. Mahler
DEFINITION 54
object-relations theorist
TERM 55
A. Manslow
DEFINITION 55
phenomenological personality theorist known for developing
a hierarchy of needs and for the concept of self-actualization
B. F. Skinner
behaviorist
TERM 62
D. W. Winnicott
DEFINITION 62
object-relations theorist
TERM 63
H. Witkin
DEFINITION 63
studied field-dependence and field-independence using the
rod and frame test
TERM 64
A. Beck
DEFINITION 64
cognitive behavior therapist known for his therapy for
depression
TERM 65
E. Bleuler
DEFINITION 65
coined the term schizophrenia
D. Dix
19th century American advocate of asylum reform
TERM 67
A. Ellis
DEFINITION 67
cognitive behavior therapist known for his rational-emotive
therapy (RET)
TERM 68
E. Kraepelin
DEFINITION 68
developed system in 19th century for classifying mental
disorders; DSM-IV can be considered a descendent of this
system
TERM 69
P. Pinel
DEFINITION 69
reformed French asylums in the late 18th century
TERM 70
D. Rosenhan
DEFINITION 70
investigated the effect of being labeled mentally ill by having
pseudopatients admitted into mental hospitals
W. James and C. Lange
proposed the James-Lange theory of emotions
TERM 77
H. Kluver and P. Bucy
DEFINITION 77
studied loss of normal fear and rage reactions in monkeys
resulting from damage to temporal lobes; also studied the
amygdala's role in emotions
TERM 78
A. Luria
DEFINITION 78
Russian neurologist who studied how brain damage leads to
impairment in sensory, motor, and language functions
TERM 79
B. Milner
DEFINITION 79
studied severe anterograde amnesia in H.M., a patient whose
hippocampus and temporal lobes were removed surgically to
control epilepsy
TERM 80
J. Olds and P. Milner
DEFINITION 80
demonstrated the existence of pleasure center in the brain
using "self-stimulation" studies in rats
W. Penfield
Canadian neurosurgeon who used electrodes and electrical
stimulation techniques to "map" out different parts of the
brain during surgery
TERM 82
S. Schachter and J. Singer
DEFINITION 82
proposed the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
TERM 83
C. Sherrington
DEFINITION 83
English physiologist who first inferred the existence of
synapse
TERM 84
R. Sperry and M. Gazzaniga
DEFINITION 84
investigated functional differences between left and right
cerebral hemispheres using "split-brain" studies
TERM 85
C. Wernicke
DEFINITION 85
German neurologist who identified the part of the brain
primarily associated with understanding spoken language
(i.e., Wernicke's area)
J. Gibson
studied depth cues (especially texture gradients) that help
us to perceive depth
TERM 92
H. Helmholtz
DEFINITION 92
developed Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of color
vision; developed place-resonance theory of pitch
TERM 93
E. Herring
DEFINITION 93
developed opponent process theory of color vision
TERM 94
D. Hubel and T. Wiesel
DEFINITION 94
studied feature detection in visual cortex and discovered
simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells
TERM 95
W. Kohler
DEFINITION 95
developed theory isomorphism
R. Melzack and P.
Wall
proposed the gate theory of pain
TERM 97
S. S. Stevens
DEFINITION 97
developed Steven's law as an alternative to Fechner's law
TERM 98
John A. Swets
DEFINITION 98
refined ROC curved in signal detection theory
TERM 99
E. Wever and C. Bray
DEFINITION 99
proposed volley theory of pitch perception in response to a
criticism of the frequency theory of pitch perception
TERM 100
R. Yerkes and J. Dodson
DEFINITION 100
developed Yerkes-Dodson Law which states that
performance is best at intermediate levels of arousal
