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Groups and Formal Organizations | SOC - Sociology 1 - Introduction, Quizzes of Introduction to Sociology

Quiz 3 Class: SOC - Sociology 1 - Introduction; Subject: Sociology; University: Campbell University Inc; Term: Forever 1989;

Typology: Quizzes

2009/2010

Uploaded on 03/01/2010

elkenworthy1209
elkenworthy1209 🇺🇸

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TERM 1
Groups
DEFINITION 1
2 or more people Relatively stable paterns of social
interaction Feelings of unity or group membership
TERM 2
Primary Groups
DEFINITION 2
informal, impersonal, intimate, rarely goal-oriented Ex:
family, groups of friends People in these groups tend to be
more important and wield more social control.
TERM 3
Secondary Groups
DEFINITION 3
impersonal groups, often formal, specific goals or activities
Ex: work groups, sociology class, Bible study group
TERM 4
In-groups
DEFINITION 4
groups with which we identify and belong
TERM 5
Out-groups
DEFINITION 5
groups with which we do not identify or belong and which is
in some way set apart from or against our in-group
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Groups

2 or more people Relatively stable paterns of social interaction Feelings of unity or group membership TERM 2

Primary Groups

DEFINITION 2 informal, impersonal, intimate, rarely goal-oriented Ex: family, groups of friends People in these groups tend to be more important and wield more social control. TERM 3

Secondary Groups

DEFINITION 3 impersonal groups, often formal, specific goals or activities Ex: work groups, sociology class, Bible study group TERM 4

In-groups

DEFINITION 4 groups with which we identify and belong TERM 5

Out-groups

DEFINITION 5 groups with which we do not identify or belong and which is in some way set apart from or against our in-group

Group Boundaries

groups often maintain their identity and membership through boundary maintenance 1. competition strengthens boundaries 2. Cooperation reduces boundaries 3. Common threats reduce boundaries but may raise them against a common enemy 4. We tend to form groups or get involved with groups in which people are most like us TERM 7

Reference Groups

DEFINITION 7 groups to which we compare ourselves (we do not have to be in them) TERM 8

Relative deprivation

DEFINITION 8 we tend to appraise our own status, success, etc. as less or more than a reference group, not in abstract terms. Ex: "keeping up with the Jones" TERM 9

Dyad

DEFINITION 9 group of 2; these tend to be more intense, intimate, and influential Ex: me and my bestfriend, ect. TERM 10

Triad

DEFINITION 10 once a third party enters dynamics change, coalitions tend to form, dyadic relationships affect the whole group Ex: 3 musketeers, "O' Brother Where Art Thou?"

Instrumental leadership

focused on direction and completion of tasks TERM 17

Expressive leadership

DEFINITION 17 focused on group maintenance and moral TERM 18

Authoritarian

DEFINITION 18 leadership through direct and detailed orders TERM 19

Democratic

DEFINITION 19 leadership by including everyone in the decision-making process TERM 20

Laissez-faire

DEFINITION 20 leadership by giving a few parameters and goals but letting members fulfill those goals as they wish

Charisma

Weber has argued that dynamic change in goups often occurs because of charismatic leaders, leaders that show exceptional ability, foresight, or strength TERM 22

status

DEFINITION 22 people tend to conform to leadership because of someone's status TERM 23

Milgram

Experiment

DEFINITION 23 Two people were partners. One was an actor and the other was a real person that didn't know what was going on. They pretended to draw their roles but the actor was the learner and the real person was the teacher. The teacher was put in a separate room. The teacher would ask the learner a series of questions and if the learner got them wrong, he would get shocked with electricity. The more questions he got wrong the higher the volt. This experiment was to show how individuals will go along with something if they are persuaded to do it, even if it causes harm. TERM 24

formal organizations

DEFINITION 24 large secondary groups (or systems of groups) that are rationally organized to achieve specific goals. TERM 25

bureaucracy

DEFINITION 25 literally means governed by the office or desk

6. Technical competency

a certain set of skills should be able to be learned and enable a worker to do a variety of tasks. Hiring and promotion should always be made based on these competencies. TERM 32

7. Impersonality

DEFINITION 32 the rules and regulations treat each person and each situation equally regardless of who is involved. Promotion by seniority or merit TERM 33

8. Formal, written

communication

DEFINITION 33 all actions are recorded and comunicated through highly formal documents and kept in files for anyone who needs them to find them TERM 34

Iron Law of Oligarchy

DEFINITION 34 power in a bureaucracy tends to be concentrated in the hands of a few. main reasons: 1. hieracrhical structure pushes ultimate power towards the top 2. those who know how to use the system to their advantage tend to rise-with power and the knowledge to "work" the system they tend to remain in power TERM 35

Peter

Principle

DEFINITION 35 "Everyone rises to his or her level of incompetence."

Parkinson's Law

"work expands to fill the time available for its completion" TERM 37

Bureaucratic Inertia

DEFINITION 37 once created a bureaucratic office, position, or entity tends to remain in existence TERM 38

Trained Incapacity

DEFINITION 38 people are unable to change or deal with non-standard situations because their training demands working within the rules TERM 39

Goal Displacement

DEFINITION 39 specialization means that each worker has specific goals. These goals may not always line up wih the ultimate goals of the organization. TERM 40

Bureaucracy as an Ideal Type

DEFINITION 40 all bureaucracies have an informal structure as well as the formal one. this introduces favoritism, but is also overcomes many of the problems of the bureaucracy.