15-410, F’11
1
Hardware Overview
Sep. 7, 2011
Dave Eckhardt
Dave Eckhardt
Garth Gibson
Garth Gibson
L04_Hardware
15-410
“Computers make very fast, very accurate mistakes.”
--Brandon Long
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Interrupt Handling and CPU State in Computer Systems: A Study Guide for 15-410 Students, Slides of Software Engineering
An overview of computer hardware, focusing on cpu state, synchronization, and interrupt handling. It includes information on user and non-user registers, processor status registers, floating point number registers, and the story of getpid(). Students of the 15-410 course at carnegie mellon university will find this document useful for understanding the concepts of cpu state and interrupt handling.
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15-410, F’
Hardware Overview
Sep. 7, 2011
Dave Eckhardt
Dave Eckhardt
Garth Gibson
Garth Gibson
L04_Hardware
“Computers make very fast, very accurate mistakes.”
--Brandon Long
15-410, F’
Synchronization
Partner signups
Partner signups
11 group signups so far – thanks!
Please sign up as soon as you decide!
This helps other students
Both partners please sign up!
This helps course staff detect “love triangles”
15-410, F’
Synchronization
Personal Simics licenses
Personal Simics licenses
Simics machine-simulator software is licensed
We have enough “seats” for the class
Should work on most CMU-network machines
Will not work on most non-CMU-network
machines
CMU operates a VPN server for off-campus users
»
http://www.cmu.edu/computing/network/vpn
»
There is an open-source alternative (OpenConnect)
- We don't yet know how to make it work
15-410, F’
Synchronization
Simics on Windows?
Simics on Windows?
Simics simulator itself is available for Windows
15-410 build/debug infrastructure is not
Can be hacked up, issues may arise
»
Version skew, partner, ...
Options
Options
Dual-boot Linux/Windows, run Linux in VMware
Usability via X depends on network latency
May be too slow – though we are experimenting
Port to cygwin (may be non-trivial)
There are some cluster machines...
WeH 5205/5207, GHC 3000, GHC 5201/
15-410, F’
Inside The Box - Historical/Logical
CPU
Memory
Graphics
Ethernet
IDE
Floppy
USB
15-410, F’
Inside The Box - 1997-
CPU
Memory
AGP Graphics
IDE
Floppy
USB
North Bridge
South Bridge
P
C
I
Ethernet
SCSI
15-410, F’
CPU State
User registers (on Planet IA32)
User registers (on Planet IA32)
General purpose - %eax, %ebx, %ecx, %edx
Stack Pointer - %esp
Frame Pointer - %ebp
Mysterious String Registers - %esi, %edi
15-410, F’
CPU State
Non-user
Non-user registers, a.k.a....
registers, a.k.a....
Processor status register(s)
Processor status register(s)
Currently running: user code / kernel code?
Interrupts on / off
Virtual memory on / off
Memory model
small, medium, large, purple, dinosaur
15-410, F’
Story time!
Time for some fairy tales
Time for some fairy tales
The getpid() story (shortest legal fairy tale)
The read() story (toddler version)
The read() story (grade-school version)
15-410, F’
The Story of getpid()
User process is computing
User process is computing
User process calls getpid() library routine
Library routine executes TRAP $
In Intel-land, TRAP is called “ INT ” (because it
isn't one)
REMEMBER: “ INT ” is not an interrupt
The world changes
The world changes
Some registers dumped into memory somewhere
Some registers loaded from memory somewhere
The processor has
The processor has entered kernel mode
entered kernel mode
15-410, F’
Entering Kernel Mode
Operating
System
Process 1
Process 2
CPU
save
15-410, F’
Entering Kernel Mode
Operating
System
Process 1
Process 2
CPU
Ethernet
SATA
Floppy
USB
15-410, F’
The Story of getpid()
Process runs in kernel mode
Process runs in kernel mode
running->u_reg[R_EAX] = running->u_pid;
Return from interrupt”
Return from interrupt”
Processor state restored to user mode
(modulo %eax)
User process returns to computing
User process returns to computing
Library routine returns %eax as value of getpid()
15-410, F’