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HEALTH PROMOTION EXAM
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100% COMPLETE ANSWERS
"Development - CORRECT ANSWER Behavioral aspect of growth
Qualitative increase in capability or function Sit before stand Increase in the complexity of function and skill progression Development: the changes in skill and capacity to function Capacity and skill of a person to adapt to environment"
"G&D: Infant: Birth to 1 Year - CORRECT ANSWER Trust vs. Mistrust
Developing trust depends on the infant's ability to predict what will happen within the environment When no predictability & disorganized routines exist the infant develops fear, anger, and insecurity, which leads to mistrust Stranger anxiety develops about 6-7 months Weight: Gains 5-7 (6) ounces weekly for 6 months Birth wt doubles about 6 mos Triples by 12 mos Height Increases about 1 foot during first year Displays tonic neck, grasp, and Moro reflexes Lifts head momentarily when prone Cognitive Development Most brain growth involves cell maturation accompanied by development of its functions Sensorimotor period: 0 to 18 months Master simple coordination activities to interact with the environment
Infants perceive stimulation: Infants are born with the ability to react to light & loud noises Soft cooing voices calm the child Touching, stroking and rocking typically soothe a fussing infant Developmental Tasks: 3 months: Posterior fontanel closed at 2 months Smiles in response to mothers face Begins pre-language vocalizations Actively holds rattle, but will not reach for it Visually inspects object and stares at own hand with fascination when either appears in field of vision 6 months: Able to lift cup by handle Begins to imitate sounds Gains 4-5 ounces weekly up to 1 year Sits with little support Rolls from back to stomach Plays peek-a-boo Likes to be picked up 12 months: Loses Babinski's sign Develops evident hand dominance **Has equal-circumference head and chest Walks with help Knows own name
Intensely active and interested in the environment—samples everything Learning to problem solve, creative thought, cause & effect relationships (2 yr) Development of language, vision & hearing is progressing Become egocentric (Me) About 15 mos Demonstrate developing autonomy through 2 universal behaviors: Rituals & routines provide a sense of control & are very important Negativism - use of the word "NO" in exerting independence Values—Beliefs Pattern Developing a beginning conscience Does not totally emerge until age 5 or 6 Age 9—10 it develops at a more adult manner Limits are being set Self-control begins Spiritual Values begin Social - likes to play with other kids Parallel play - play by each other Imitative behavior - teaches new skills Foster gross motor skills - push, pull, climb, run Fosters fine motor skills - turn book pages, scribble Cognitive understanding - enables object manipulation, & learn qualities Spatial relationships - with stacking Gets attach"
"School (6-12 years old) - CORRECT ANSWER Industry vs. Inferiority
Important for child to perform useful work Meaningful activities take on great importance Usually together with peers Sense of achievement important to develop self-esteem & to prevent inferiority or poor self worth Gain 3-5 lb/year, 1 1/2 - 2 1/2 in/year Leg length continues to increase Child appears leaner with muscle Jaw changes First deciduous tooth lost at 6, permanent teeth begin to erupt Body organs & immune system mature Meds can be more easily metabolized Urinary system can adjust to fluid status changes Gross & fine motor skills refined Girls - growth spurt 9 or 10 Boys a year or so later Nutritional needs increase with growth spurt Of 30 permanent teeth 22-26 erupt by 12 Concrete Operational: Enter about 7 y.o. Considers alternative solutions to solve problems Relies on concrete experiences & materials to form thought content Conservation-matter is not changed when form is altered
"Adolescent (12-18 years old) - CORRECT ANSWER Identity vs. Role Confusion
Transition from childhood to adulthood Begins to develop sense of "I", lifelong process Peers of paramount importance Child gains independence from parents Characterized by faith in self. Girls Gain 15-55lb & Grow 2-8 inches Boys Gain 15-65lb & Grow 4 1/2-12 inches Fine Motor - Well developed Gross Motor - Lack coordination during growth spurt, muscle development continues. Sensory Ability - Well developed Formal Operational Thought: Develops the ability to reason abstractly Revel in thinking ability Spends time thinking , reading, & talking abstractly Think & act independently Rebels Seeking to establish identity & values Post Conventional Internalized ethical standards to base decisions on. Social responsibility is recognized. Value 2 different moral approaches can be considered and a decision made.
Maturity leads to new activities: Driving Ride buses Bike independently Sports/extracurricular activities Hang out with friends Peer group becomes focus of activities: Same sex interactions predominate Boy-girl interactions more common than at younger age Temperament revealed at an earlier age remains stable in teen years Easy child may become difficult d/t independence assertion Support teens uniqueness while providing structure & feedback Understands all parts of speech Colloquialisms & slang common May study foreign language Close ties with peers become basis for identity formation May try new roles Need to leave past, be different & change to form identity Sexual maturity occurs Complex process involving interactions with opposite sex Interplay of society & family, & identity formation Need information about their body & sexuality Benefit from clear information about sexuality Sexual minority groups - stigmatized"
Pathogens are spread when infected person touches hand of uninfected person who then touches their mouth or nose"
"Sinusitis - CORRECT ANSWER Inflammation of 1 or more paranasal sinuses
Maxillary Ethmoid Frontal Sphenoid Sinuses may become infected with bacteria following a viral upper respiratory infection Most cases Child had cold for few days then improves or There is an increase in purulent nasal drainage with facial pain, h/a, fever Chronic sinusitis may occur in kids with uncontrolled allergies & asthma Most MD's treat with antibiotics (Amoxicillin), but many cases resolve without treatment"
"Epistaxis - CORRECT ANSWER Nosebleed
Common in school-age, especially boys Usually bleed from 1 side of nose Anterior bleed Usually bleed from 1 side of nose Common causes Nose picking Foreign body Low humidity Forceful coughing Allergies Infections Common treatment of Anterior Bleeds Remain calm Sit upright Avoiding vigorous nose blowing, sneezing, or nose picking is usually enough to keep the bleeding from getting worse Lean your head forward
Tilting your head back will only cause you to swallow the blood Have someone time you to make sure you do not release the nostrils any earlier Spit out any blood in your mouth Swallowing it may make you vomit What to do after the bleeding has stopped Prevent sneezing or nose blowing, for 24 hours if possible Add moisture to the air with a humidifier or vaporizer, etc Medical Treatment for Anterior nosebleed may require no treatment at all If the source of the bleeding is a blood vessel a doctor may cauterize it (seal the blood vessel) Nasal packing may be required to stop the bleeding Posterior bleed Causes: Suspect if blunt trauma occurred May flow on 1 or both nose sides May indicate systemic disease or injury May be life-threatening"
"Poisoning - CORRECT ANSWER Common cause of death & injury in kids
between 1-4 years Sources include Batteries Household cleaners Gasoline Paint thinners, lighter fluid Over-the-counter meds Mercury, iron
Light rays focus anterior to retina, creating inability to focus on far away objects Most commonly develops at 8 years old"
"Otitis Media - CORRECT ANSWER Inflammation of the middle ear
Sometimes accompanied by infection Most common childhood illnesses Common in winter Common among kids who attend daycare (Children have straight tubes, adults have curved tubes) Common in boys Specific cause unknown Eustachian tube dysfunction Often Upper respiratory infection precedes Most common organism Strep pneumoniae Hib influenza Moraxella catarrhalis"
"Reasons Why Parents Do Not Vaccinate Kids - CORRECT ANSWER Concern that vaccine is
dangerous (autism, SIDS) Vaccine might not fully prevent disease Does not want government to monitor vaccination status The disease is not a threat anymore Side effects from vaccine do not justify benefit Belief that they can control child's susceptibility to disease"
"Diphtheria - CORRECT ANSWER Agent: Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Transmission: Contact with nasal or eye discharge
Systemic manifestations: Fever, anorexia, rhinorrhea, cough, stridor Skin manifestations: Tonsils, pharynx covered in thick, bluish-white patch Treatment: Antibiotics, IV antitoxin Nursing: Isolation, monitor for respiratory distress, administer antibiotics"
"Pertussis (whooping cough) - CORRECT ANSWER Agent:
Bordatella Pertussis Transmission: Respiratory droplets direct contact with secretions Systemic manifestations: Runny nose, fever, mild cough that becomes more severe at night - infants do not manifest the "whooping" sound 1:Flu/cold like symptoms 2:Uncontrollable coughing 3:Up to 10 weeks to resolve Skin manifestations: None specific Treatment: Antibiotics, steroids, supportive care Nursing: Isolation, monitor respiratory status, dehydration"
"Haemophilus Influenzae Type B - CORRECT ANSWER Agent:
H. influenzae bacteria (several serotypes exist) Transmission: Direct contact or droplet inhalation Viral upper respiratory tract Systemic manifestations: infection that invades bloodstream May cause meningitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia, or sepsis
Isolation, prevent dehydration, comfort"
"Measles - CORRECT ANSWER Agent:
Morbillivirus Transmission: Airborne, droplet, and contact Systemic manifestations: High fever, conjunctivitis, cough, anorexia, malaise Skin manifestations: Koplik's spots on buccal mucosa - red, blotchy, maculopapular rash (face, trunk, limbs) Treatment: Supportive - antibiotics for secondary infections Nursing: Isolation, antipyretics, antitussives, monitor respiratory status"
"Rubella (German Measles) - CORRECT ANSWER Agent:
RNA virus Transmission: Droplet or direct contact Systemic manifestations: Low-grade fever, headache, malaise, anorexia Skin manifestations: Pink, nonconfluent, maculopapular rash Treatment: Supportive - disease usually mild. Major risk for fetus if mother infected during first trimester Nursing: Isolation, especially from pregnant women - comfort measures"
"Chicken pox (Varicella) - CORRECT ANSWER Agent:
Varicella-zoster Transmission: Airborne, direct contact Systemic manifestations:
Fever, malaise, headache, abdominal pain Skin manifestations: Clear, fluid-filled vesicles all over the body Treatment: Supportive Nursing: Isolation, symptom management contagious until all lesions are crusted over Acute: flu like symptoms, fever, fatigue, anorexia, Rash: Papules"
"Coxsackievirus (Herpangina, Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease) - CORRECT ANSWER Agent:
Coxsackievirus A16, Enterovirus 71 Transmission: Fecal-oral and respiratory routes Systemic manifestations: Fever, sore throat Skin manifestations Herpangina: Papulovesicular lesions in pharynx only Hand, foot, and mouth disease: Papulovesicular lesions on inside of cheek, gums, tongue, as well as hands and feet Treatment: Supportive Nursing: Isolation, topical lotions, cool drinks"
"Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease) - CORRECT ANSWER Agent:
Human parvovirus B Transmission: Respiratory secretions and blood Systemic manifestations: Flu-like illness Skin manifestations:
Antibiotics - uncomplicated impetigo treated topically Nursing: Usually cared for at home - fever management, warm fluids"
"Lyme Disease - CORRECT ANSWER Agent:
Borrelia burgdorferi, a spirochete Transmission: Tick bite (Infected spirochete transmitted when tick draws blood) Systemic manifestations: Malaise, headache, mild fever, joint aches Skin manifestations: Red, "bulls-eye" rash around tick bite Treatment: Antibiotics Nursing: Discuss prevention of tick bites and proper tick removal (Cover everything up)- treatment usually occurs at home, rest and completion of antibiotics -Late symptoms: bells palsy, inflammation of heart valves, arthritis"
"Stress - CORRECT ANSWER Changes in the normal balanced state"
"Anxiety - CORRECT ANSWER Most common result of stress
State of mental uneasiness Experienced at the conscious, subconscious, or unconscious levels Anxiety may be manifested on four levels
- Mild
- Moderate
- Severe
- Panic"
"Mild Anxiety - CORRECT ANSWER Normal experience of everyday living.
Effective problem solving, may display slight restlessness, irritability. -increase in senses, sweaty palms"
"Moderate Anxiety - CORRECT ANSWER Escalates; sees, hears grasps less info., selective
inattention, not clearly thinking.
- Can still learn & problem solve- not optimal.
- Pounding heart, increased pulse, increased resp., h/a, shaking, voice tremors. -one focus -allow them to talk, support, nonverbal language, encourage them to problem solve"
"Nursing Interventions for Mild to Moderate levels of Anxiety - CORRECT ANSWER Help
identify anxiety Anticipate anxiety-provoking situations Listen & encourage patient to talk Supportive non-verbal language Focus on patients concerns Clarify what they say Encourage problem solving with patient Assist developing alternative solutions Explore behaviors that have worked in past to decrease anxiety Provide outlets for excess energy"
"Severe Anxiety - CORRECT ANSWER Focus on 1 detail or scattered, doesn't notice what's
going on even when pointed out. Can't learn or problem solve. Dazed, confused, sense of doom."
"Panic - CORRECT ANSWER Inability to process environmental stimuli, loss of reality,
hallucinations Physical behavior erratic uncoordinated, impulsive. Severe limitation of perceptual field. Terror Physiological arousal Severe personality disorganization"
"Nursing Interventions for Severe to Panic levels of Anxiety - CORRECT ANSWER Maintain
calm manner - Always remain with the person Minimize environmental stimuli Use clear, simple statements & repeat Use low-pitched, slow steady voice Reinforce reality if distorted
