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Indo-European Family
A group of hundreds of languageseleven branches from the Indo-European languageShows similarities between hundreds of different languages throughout the worldImportance: The family English comes from and gives us information to know where English came from TERM 2
Sanskrit
DEFINITION 2 Language from ancient IndiaOne of the earliest languages of the Indo-European familyused to determine the languages in the familyImportance: English is derived from Sanskrit through other languages TERM 3
Grimm's Law
DEFINITION 3 Language law made by Jacob Grimm (1785-1859)used to explain how letters change from p to f and t to th1882Importance: Shows where languages changed in the Indo-European family TERM 4
Centum vs. Satem
DEFINITION 4 The separation of different languages through how each spells 100European (centum) vs. Asian (satem) sound changeImportance: Allows which group English pertains to the dispersion of English from Asian languages TERM 5
Old English
DEFINITION 5 Time when English was first beginning450-1150When England was taken over by Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons, Jutes)characteristics are:Spelling lexicon and grammarrarity of Latin absence of FrenchgrammarImportance: Early stages of a standardized language in English.
Germanic Conquest
The movement of German tribes invading England CEPillage and take over land from CeltsImportance: The Germanic Conquest began the shift towards English since English is a branch of German. TERM 7
Angles
DEFINITION 7 Germanic tribe that invaded EnglandSettled in Southern EnglandGerman is a base of Old EnglishAn origin of the terms English and England TERM 8
Saxons
DEFINITION 8 Germanic tribesettled in south and west of EnglandPart of Anglo-Saxon people in EnglandWest Saxon basis of study for old EnglishImportance: Set the stage for English by being part of Anglo-Saxon TERM 9
Jutes
DEFINITION 9 Germanic Tribe that invadedin the north of Englanddrove out the CeltsImportance: Set the stage for Old English beginnings TERM 10
Dialects of Old English
DEFINITION 10 NorthumbrianMercianWest Saxon (Used for basis of Old English)Kentish
Celtic Influence
Celts lived in EnglandTaken over by Anglo-Saxonsnames and other words adopted by English (Bryn Mawr)Least influenceImportance: The first influence on the English language TERM 17
Roman Influence (Zero Period)
DEFINITION 17 Early contact between Romans and Germanic tribestrading carried one language to anotherContinental borrowingImportance: First borrowing of Latin by English TERM 18
First
Period
DEFINITION 18 Celtic transmissionLatin and Celtic word combinationCeltics borrowed wordsImportance: Set up for the second period of Roman Influence TERM 19
Second
Period
DEFINITION 19 Christianizing of Britain597converting inhabitants of Britai to ChristianityRoman brought in education of ChristianityImportance: Brought Latin into everyday use in England TERM 20
Benedictine Reform
DEFINITION 20 Alfred attempts to reform religionchurch reforms for increase in monasticismimportance: increase of learned words of Latin in English
Vikings
invaded England from Scandanavia (most influence on English)Vikings took over throne of Englishstages of raiding and plunderingtreaty of Wedmore to settle between Anglo- Saxons and Vikings (Alfred)English adopt DanelawImportance: Gave English its biggest influence of Old English TERM 22
Norman Invasion
DEFINITION 22 Norman Vikings from Normandy in FranceSpoke FrenchInvaded in 1066fought against the Anglo-Saxons--- wonWilliam (1027-1087) became king of EnglandEngland upper classes spoke FrenchImportance: Gave a major influence of Middle English TERM 23
Pidgin vs. creole
DEFINITION 23 pidgin is simplified language that allows two people of different languages to communicate in activities such as tradingcreole is a pidgin that has been passed down to a new generation and used as a languageimportance: English and French combined can be considered a creole TERM 24
Loss of
Normandy
DEFINITION 24 John married Isabel in 1200In 1204 John was asked by Philip to appear in court (not subject to French...Appeal France)1204 Arthur killed...lost NormandyImportance: England was breaking away from ties with the continent TERM 25
Henry III Anti French
DEFINITION 25 dismissed foreigners from officesmade opposition to foreigners normBarons War (1258-1265)- foreigners driven awayImportance: Began feud with French
Middle English
1150-1500analyticEnglish changed in:noun- use of -s and - esadjective- strong become distinctive formspronoun- decay of inflections; simplified; 3rd person plural they;verb-loss in strong conjugationstrong verbs lostFrench words borrowedimportance: Evolution of English into a new form TERM 32
Aureate terms
DEFINITION 32 stylistic gildingusing words in Latin by poetsstarted in literature and used in common speechimportance: introduction of different languages terms into English TERM 33
Standard English
DEFINITION 33 Three factors East Midland helped1) compromise of dialects2)largest areas3)universities thereImportance: attempt to standardize middle english TERM 34
William Caxton
DEFINITION 34 (1420-1491)first to print booksused Chancery EnglishImportance: started the travelling of English and accessibility TERM 35
Factors that changed
English
DEFINITION 35
- printing press2)rapid spread of popular education3)increased communication and means4)growth in specialized knowledge5)self-consciousness about languageImportance: changed English in forms and popularity
Vernacular
language
language of the peopleproblems:1)recognition in fields Latin supreme2)uniform orthography3)enrichment in vocabimportance: made writers and English want to standardize the language TERM 37
Richard Mulcaster
DEFINITION 37 wanted English to be part of Renaissancelove of Englandone letter can have different sounds (change of form)Mulcaster system: no superfluous lettersphonetic consistencyimportance: changed the aspect of spelling in English at the time TERM 38
John Cheke
DEFINITION 38 spelling related to consistencylong vowels introduced (double)Importance: attempt at making English spelling fixed TERM 39
Thomas Elyot
DEFINITION 39 wanted to borrow words from different peopleimprovement in English languagefocus on vocabularyImportance: effort to enrich vocabulary TERM 40
Erasmus
DEFINITION 40 rendered into English during the Renaissance
Chancery English
English form of language andmany spelling and grammar used in languageimportance: the style of writing used for English being out of London TERM 47
philology
DEFINITION 47 study of languages in historydifferent historical contexts used to understand Englishimportance: ability to understand different languages TERM 48
lexography
DEFINITION 48 practice of making dictionariesBeginning dictionary hard wordsImportance; ability to make difference in the language TERM 49
Caedmon
DEFINITION 49 late 7th centuryEarliest English PoetWrote in Old EnglishImportance: wrote oldest surviving English poem TERM 50
Bede
DEFINITION 50 grammarian in 7th centurywrote Ecclesiastical History of the English People in 731recorded poetry of CaedmonImportance: early historian for Old English
