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Helpful and informational. Social reform movements
Typology: Lecture notes
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"The condition of a nation can be judged by the condition of its women." - Jawaharlal Nehru
Women were subjected to Sati, child marriage, purdah, and had no access to education or property rights. They were socially ostracized and legally oppressed.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy advocated the abolition of Sati and women's rights. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar campaigned for widow remarriage and education. Jyotirao and Savitribai Phule championed women's and Dalit education. Swami Dayanand Saraswati supported Vedic education for women. Pandita Ramabai created shelters and promoted education. Annie Besant pushed for women's public involvement.
Key laws included: Abolition of Sati (1829), Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act (1856), Female Infanticide Prevention Act (1870), Age of Consent Act (1891), and the Child Marriage Restraint Act (1929).
Girls' schools and institutions were established. Missionaries and reformers promoted literacy. Women began entering professions and higher education.
Women like Sarojini Naidu, Kasturba Gandhi, Aruna Asaf Ali, and Begum Rokeya became active in national movements, enhancing their public and political roles.
Patriarchy, religious orthodoxy, and rural neglect slowed progress. Reforms were largely urban-centric.
The movement laid the foundation for gender equality. It demonstrated that education and activism could challenge deep-rooted norms and empower women.
"I measure the progress of a community by the degree of progress which women have achieved." - Dr. B.R.
Ambedkar