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HFT 3700 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
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What is the WTO and how do they define tourism? - ANSWER The World Tourism Organization; they define tourism as traveling outside of one's normal environment for no more than 1 year The number of tourists traveling internationally has been increasing since what decade? - ANSWER The 1950s Who has the fastest growing middle class in the world? - ANSWER India and China Until what century was travel uncommon and why? - ANSWER The 19th century; it was dangerous, you needed lots of money and a form of transportation (which required more money), and it was strictly for business purposes (people didn't travel for leisure) What invention made travel easier and more economical? - ANSWER The steam engine for boats and trains Who are the major stakeholders in tourism? - ANSWER The governments (federal and local), the tourism industry, local communities, NGOs (non-governmental organizations) and tourists How many tourists travel internationally every year? - ANSWER More than 800 million Why is tourism difficult to define? - ANSWER It includes human feelings and emotions, natural and cultural attractions, suppliers of transport, accommodations, and many other services What is the most common form of tourism? - ANSWER Recreational tourism What are some forms of tourism? - ANSWER Recreational, business, study, religious, health, etc. What are some impacts of tourism? - ANSWER Economic, social, and environmental Tourism is a human activity that encompasses what? - ANSWER Human behavior, use of natural resources, interaction with other people, economies, and environments
Which country created the model for tourism after WWII? - ANSWER Spain during the 1950s What is the WTTC? - ANSWER The World Travel and Tourism Council What did the WTTC establish as tourism's contribution to the world's economy? - ANSWER 10.3% of world's GDP; 234.4 million jobs; 8.7% of total employment What is the United States' GDP? - ANSWER $15 Trillion What is "Mass Tourism"? - ANSWER Comparing tourism to industrial production What are the inputs of tourism? - ANSWER The environment, governmental policies, and subsystems What are subsystems? - ANSWER Tourism retailing, destination, transportation, hotels, airlines, etc What are the outputs of tourism? - ANSWER Conserve and pollute the environment, positive and negative cultural changes, economic opportunities, possible economic over dependence, price inflation What years did the Romans become sophisticated in travel? - ANSWER 200-500 AD Where did the Romans build resorts? - ANSWER Along the Italian coast What allowed the Romans to travel so easily? - ANSWER They built an amazing road system through Europe and also established one currency What was travel during the Middle Ages like? - ANSWER For approximately 800 years, there was really no travel except for religious reasons and important people with protection What was the defining element of tourism during the 17th century? - ANSWER The "Grand Tour"; a 3 year your through Europe to learn about the arts; included Florence, Venice, and Paris; for the wealthy elite (mostly from England); ended in the early 19th century What are the origins of health tourism? - ANSWER During the 18th century, people would travel to Southern Europe (France, Germany, Italy) for health reasons What innovation during the Industrial Revolution changed travel and tourism? - ANSWER The steam engine in ships and trains; ships could now cross the Atlantic easily and trains could carry hundreds of people What societal changes during the Industrial Revolution changed travel and tourism? -
How many international arrivals are projected around the world in 2020? - ANSWER 1. billion Who are the top spenders in international tourism and how much do they spend? - ANSWER 1. Germany ($72.7 billion) 2. USA ($69.2 billion) 3. UK ($59.6 billion) 4. Japan ($37. billion) 5. France ($31.2 billion) Where are the highest flows of tourism? - ANSWER 1. Northern Europe to the Mediterranean (120 million people) 2. North America to Europe (23 million people) 3. Europe to North America (15 million people) 4. NE Asia to SE Asia (10 million people) 5. NE Asia to North America (8 million people) 6. North America to the Caribbean (8 million people) What is mass tourism? - ANSWER ... How are mass tourism and Fordist production connected? - ANSWER Mass tourism is like an assembly line in that tourists have many many needs and the industry is divided into many segments that fulfill those needs What is economic over dependance and where is a good example of how it can be negative? - ANSWER An economy that relies predominately on tourism; Montserrat (an island north of South America) in 1995, a volcano erupted and basically destroyed the tourism industry and their economy never recovered What are the factors that determine the flow of tourism? - ANSWER Climate, business, friends and family, cultures, special ecosystems (rainforests, coral reefs, polar areas, etc) What percent of tourists say that they would pay slightly more for their hotel,
transportation, etc. if it was eco friendly? - ANSWER 70% What is the principle component of tourism? - ANSWER The environment What are the two types of environments that tourists experience? - ANSWER "Home" environments and "destination" environments How does the West view the environment? - ANSWER We feel the need to be dominate over nature and use it for our benefit; dominion over the earth is paramount; "nature is here for our own use" How do indigenous people generally view the environment? - ANSWER They incorporate the land and animals as part of the same environment; the non-human world is not external, but an integral part of the people; there is a recent shift in ideology where indigenous beliefs are beginning to influence western thought What centuries did seaside culture begin to emerge as tourist destinations? - ANSWER The 18th and 19th centuries Why did people start vacationing by the sea during the 18th and 19th centuries? - ANSWER The urbanization of cities caused poor social conditions: the burning of coal was unhealthy and cities were crowded and dirty What was the focus shift for tourism during the latter part of the 19th century? - ANSWER From health reasons to pleasure What did railways allow? - ANSWER Allowed the middle class to travel; facilitated the development of seaside culture and transformed coastlines
more meaningful; an escape from the tension and feelings of isolation and lawlessness in urban areas; a need to go back to a way of life that has disappeared; a correlation between the size of the city and the departure for the summer What are some psychological determinants of tourism? - ANSWER An escape from the mundane, relaxation, play, strengthening family bonds, prestige, social interaction, educational opportunity, and self-fulfillment What are some things that differentiate tourists? - ANSWER Demographics, culture, life cycle, level of education, and beliefs and attitudes What are some experiences that tourists are looking for? - ANSWER Recreational, diversional, experimental, experiential, and existential What are some of the typologies of tourists? - ANSWER Organized mass tourists, individual mass tourists, the explorer, and the drifter What makes tourists not homogenous? - ANSWER Environment as a setting for action; environment as an emotional system; environment as emotional territory; environment as self; the attitude of the tourist to the environment will be reflected in their behavior; tourists are likely to choose destinations because it will be appropriate for the type of experience What are the two broad views of ethics by Aerne Naess? - ANSWER "Shallow Ecology" and "Deep Ecology" What is "Shallow Ecology"? - ANSWER Nature is viewed as separate from humans and used to meet human needs and desires
What is "Deep Ecology"? - ANSWER The separation of nature and humanity; challenges the values of a consumer based society How are ethics applied in the environment? - ANSWER Ethics for the use of the environment and ethics of the environment Since what century has there been a change in the attitude towards the environment? - ANSWER Second half of the 20th century When did the impact of tourism on the environment become more evident? - ANSWER The 1960s What event began to make people feel worried about environmental issues? - ANSWER The breakup of the oil tanker "The Torrey Canyon" in 1967 on the SE coast of England When and where was the first major oil spill in the US? - ANSWER In 1967 the offshore rig near Santa Barbara, CA spilled oil into the Pacific Ocean; the TV helped spread awareness create concern about the environment What book caused people to be concerned about the environment even more? - ANSWER Silent Spring by Rachel Carson in the 1970s; discussed DDT being used as a pesticide on farms and how wildlife was dying; bald eagle becoming extinct What challenged the view of the world as having unlimited resources? - ANSWER Images from the spacecraft Apollo 8 showing the earth as a sphere floating in space What is existentialism? - ANSWER Finding oneself in a new place
restricted to a small elite What was the relationship between society and the environment during the 60s? - ANSWER Awareness was increasing about the environment and there was an increase in mass tourism What was the relationship between society and the environment during the 70s? - ANSWER Awareness about pesticides and fertilizer increased because of the book 'Silent Spring'; awareness of tourism's affect on the environment was increasing What was the relationship between society and the environment during the 80s? - ANSWER Global warming, acid rain, ozone depletion all becoming important issues; still growing international tourism What was the relationship between society and the environment during the 90s? - ANSWER "Eco-warriors" target tourism development What was the relationship between society and the environment during the 2000s? - ANSWER Global warming is becoming an issue What are some negative impacts of tourism? - ANSWER Natural resource usage, behavioral consideration, and pollution How can resource usage because of tourism have a negative impact? - ANSWER There is a propensity for tourists to over-use resources How can human behavior have a negative impact on an environment? - ANSWER Local people will be encouraged to change their lifestyles because of the revenues to be gained
How can pollution because of tourism have a negative impact on the environment? - ANSWER All types of pollution: air, water, noise, aesthetic, etc What are Common Pool Resources (CPRs)? - ANSWER Natural resources that tourism relies on; oceans, beaches, coral reefs, wetlands, mountains, the atmosphere What is the second most biologically diverse ecosystem after tropical rain-forests? - ANSWER Coral reefs What percent of the earth's surface are coastal and inland wetlands? - ANSWER About 6% What are some characteristics of coastal and inland wetlands? - ANSWER They house a wide range of biodiversity; they operate as a form of flood control; they are increasingly used for tourism development and are the most popular ahead of mountain regions Why are mountains a popular tourist destination? - ANSWER Because of skiing, mountain biking, white water rafting, and trekking What has increased construction in mountain areas done to the environments? - ANSWER It puts pressure on land resources and animal habitats; the removal of trees has led to landslides How can tourists impact cultural changes? - ANSWER Tourists bring with them their styles, ways of life, and money which younger generations sometimes try to imitate What kinds of pollution affect environments? - ANSWER Water, air, noise and aesthetic
