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HFT 3700 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS
What was societies main focus after World War II? - ANSWER Rebuilding the damaged national economies in Europe and Japan (ex. Roads, Bridges, Buildings) When/What was the nuclear reactor meltdown? - ANSWER 1979; The near meltdown of the nuclear reactor at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania; Public was alerted about dangers of the civil nuclear power What is the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)? - ANSWER Established in 1977 by a group of experts to examine the interaction between tourism and the environment What did the OECD find? - ANSWER Tourism was causing negative effects like loss of natural landscape, pollution, and destruction of flora and fauna. Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) - ANSWER Requires those emitting wastes to the environment bear the cost of avoiding damage or containing it within acceptable limits. Adopted by the OECD in 1972. What are problems of the PPP? - ANSWER Estimating the value of the resources being damaged, establishing the cause/effect relationship which makes it difficult to isolate the cause of an environmental problem. What did the book "The Golden Hordes" do? - ANSWER Questioned the whole process of tourism development Who published "The Golden Hordes"? - ANSWER Turner and Ash in 1975 What are the three main themes of major concern regarding negative impacts of tourism?
- ANSWER 1. Natural resource usage
- Behavioral consideration
- Pollution What natural resources does airport construction use? - ANSWER • Land
- Energy
- Roads
- Water What are some major ecosystem issues? - ANSWER • Common pool resources (CPR)
- Tropical rainforest
- Coral reef
- Wetlands
- Mountain areas What are common pool resources? - ANSWER The natural resources society relies on What are types of water pollution? - ANSWER • Lack of limited treatment of sewage
- Eutrophication
- Fertilizers and herbicides
- Power boating
- Suntan oil
- Oil spills
- Industrial waste
- Chemicals used in industry and agriculture What are types of air pollution? - ANSWER • Automobile
- Aviation
- Maritime transportation
- Dust generated during construction
- Coal burning power stations
- Industry What are types of noise pollution? - ANSWER • Airports
What are the services provided by nature to society? - ANSWER • Renewable and nonrenewable resources
- Acts as a waste disposal system
- Aids our wellbeing and spiritual enrichment
- Provides us with a life support system: oxygen and water
- Ecosystems supply food, fiber, and fuels What is standard of living? - ANSWER Measures economic welfare/growth (material/tangible goods) What is quality of living? - ANSWER Includes quality of environment, culture activities, levels of health, and religious/spiritual life What has economic growth come to be identified as? - ANSWER A way of improving people's welfare What is Gross Domestic Product? - ANSWER The value of all goods and services produced over a period of time What is Gross National Product? - ANSWER Commonly used to measure the total production of the country in material goods What is the difference between GDP and GNP? - ANSWER GDP is the value of all goods and services produced over a period of time; only measures things bought and sold for cash; does not take into consideration the environment GNP is the total production of the country
What are similarities of GDP and GNP? - ANSWER • Both key indicators of the success of economic policy
- Both tell little about quality of the environment What was the world's top travel destination in 2014? - ANSWER France How do most people view tourism? - ANSWER As a measure of pursuing economic growth What are some countries where tourism has helped their economies? - ANSWER Maldives, Mauritius, and Botswana What are classified as "public goods"? - ANSWER Externalities that arise because of resources such as clean air, water, and landscapes What are the top international travel destinations? - ANSWER 1. France (83.7 million arrivals)
- U.S. (74.8 million arrivals)
- Spain (65.0 million arrivals)
- China (55.6 million arrivals)
- Italy (48.6 million arrivals) How can economics be inclusive of a natural environment? - ANSWER • One method is based upon consumer preference for the environment,
- Putting an economic value on environmental assets in ways such as donating money to NGOs aiming to protect the environment
conservation of resources, building infrastructure, employment opportunities, etc. What external factors make tourism vulnerable? - ANSWER Economic recession, climate change, environment/weather What are the priorities of the green economy? - ANSWER Renewable energy, low carbon transport systems, energy efficient buildings, clean technologies, improved waste-water management, improved freshwater provision, sustainable agriculture, forest management and sustainable fisheries What is considered a green economy? - ANSWER One that results in improved human well- being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities What is considered a brown economy? - ANSWER The traditional economic term that is differentiated by the "green economy" What is green taxation? - ANSWER A method to close the gap between private and social costs How does tourism play an important role in the creation of wealth? - ANSWER From the perspective of government, the primary concern with tourism has been as a vehicle for economic growth Tourism as a form of development requires little financial investment, why? - ANSWER The rationale has been based upon economic benefits with relatively little consideration on its impact on the environment
Why is finding a solution to the overuse of the Earth's resources a complicated issue? - ANSWER Public goods are non-exclusive and considered as having zero cost means so the market for these goods cannot operate Which group of professionals adds value to the environment? - ANSWER Economists Which entity provides value to environmental assets? Who is author talking about? - ANSWER Society in general, legislature, the government When and where was the United Nations conference? - ANSWER June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil What are the three reasons the tourism industry has adopted sustainability? - ANSWER 1. Economics
- Public relations
- Marketing What are the five main goals of sustainable tourism? - ANSWER 1. Develop awareness about contributions tourism can make to environment
- Promote equity and development
- Improve the quality of life of the host community
- Provide high quality of experience for the visitor
- Maintain the quality of the environment The International Federation of Tour Operators defines "sustainable tourism" as: - ANSWER The maintenance of a balance where tourism runs a profit but not at the expense of the natural, cultural, and ecological resources.
following parameters What are two major conferences held by the United Nations regarding the environment and development? - ANSWER Earth Summit I and II Where and when was the Earth Summit I conference held? - ANSWER Held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992 Where and when was the Earth Summit II conference held? - ANSWER Held in New York 1997, five years after Earth Summit I Brought in tourism as a vehicle of economic development What was the intent of the Earth Summits? - ANSWER Promoting sustainable development through the world (agenda 21) What is a major cause of environmental destruction worldwide? - ANSWER Poverty; Population increase worsens this. What is the Bruntland Report about? - ANSWER Poverty alleviation through sustainable development is critical for the long-term environmental well being of the plant. (Wants to alleviate poverty) Which are the two ideological approaches to the environment and sustainability? - ANSWER "Techno-centrism" and "Eco-centrism" What do techno-centrists believe? - ANSWER Technical solutions can be found to environmental problems through science
What should sustainability be viewed as? - ANSWER A guiding philosophy with key principles concerning how people interact with the environment Why has the tourism industry adopted sustainability? - ANSWER Because it is connected with conservation, preservation of environment, and includes cultural and political dimensions When did opposition to nuclear power become a central focus of the environmental movement? - ANSWER 1970s, after the Three Mile Island incident What are the goals of sustainable tourism? - ANSWER 1. Develop greater awareness about the contributions that tourism can make to the environment
- Promote equity and development
- Improve the quality of life of the host community
- Provide high quality of experience for the visitor
- Maintain the quality of the environment Which are the main requirements for maintaining tourism destinations? (According to the international federation of tour operators) - ANSWER 1. The population should remain prosperous and keeps its cultural identity
- The place should remain attractive to tourists
- The ecology should not be changed
- There should be an effective political framework (regulation) How has development been approached on the international level? - ANSWER
What is the big "E" traveler? - ANSWER Travel into undiscovered areas, accept accommodations provided by local people or camp in the wilderness What is the soft adventurer? - ANSWER Wishes to visit wilderness areas but in comfort and without a sense of feeling that the physical environment or culture of the area are being exploited through tourism. Who invented Alternative Tourism and when? - ANSWER M. Shakley in 1970 What does alternative tourism do? - ANSWER • Surpasses concern for the natural environment to include economic, social, and cultural considerations
- Synonymous with concept of sustainable tourism development What are the characteristics of alternative tourism? - ANSWER • Small scale of development
- Minimized negative environmental/social impacts
- Maximized linkages to other sectors of local economy
- Involvement of people in decision-making process Where is the balance of political power between eco-centrists and techno-centrists? - ANSWER • Power lies with the techno-centrists, who are politically influential in the decision making process
- Eco-centrists have little economic or political power and believe all beings are of equal value Which group of "centrists" is associated with the romantic movement and why? - ANSWER Eco-centrists; because they challenge the belief in modern technology and bureaucratic elites
What is the difference between standard of living and economic growth? - ANSWER • SOL is a grade/level of subsistence and comfort in everyday life enjoyed by a community or individual
- EG is improving peoples welfare through higher levels of production and consumption What are the services provided by the natural environment to society? - ANSWER Resources for wealth creation, ability to act as a waste disposal system, aesthetic appreciation, and a life support system (provide oxygen and water, without we could not exist) What are the pros and cons of green taxation? - ANSWER Pros: Reduces environmental harm in least costly manner Cons: Hard to estimate the value of resources being damaged and cause of an environmental problem What heightened awareness on environmental problems? - ANSWER The realization that the environment and development are closely linked What does the World Conservation Union do? - ANSWER Helps the world find practical solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges; Developed the "World Conservation Strategy" What is the World Conservation Strategy about and when was it developed? - ANSWER Sustainable development, 1980 What will drive the agenda in directing ecotourism development? - ANSWER Money
