HIM325 Healthcare Statistics & Research Final Exam Review: Questions & Answers, Exams of Nursing

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HIM

Healthcare Statistics & Research

LATEST FINAL EXAM REVIEW

Q & S

1. Which statistical test is appropriate for comparing the means of three or more independent groups? a) T-test b) Chi-square test c) ANOVA d) Paired T-test Correct Answer : c) ANOVA Rationale: ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is used to compare the means of three or more groups to establish if at least one sample mean is significantly different from the others.
2. What methodology is commonly used to handle missing data in healthcare research to avoid bias? a) Deletion b) Multiple imputation c) Case substitution d) Mean substitution Correct Answer : b) Multiple imputation Rationale: Multiple imputation is a statistical technique that fills in missing data with plausible values and is considered a robust method for handling missing data and reducing bias.

Rationale: Information bias refers to bias resulting from systematic errors in collecting or recording data regarding exposure or outcome. Fill-in-the-Blank Questions

5. In a cohort study, the ______ is calculated by dividing the incidence rate of cases in the exposed group by the incidence rate of cases in the unexposed group. Correct Answer : relative risk Rationale: Relative risk is a measure used in cohort studies to compare the risk of a certain event occurring in two groups.
6. Cox proportional hazards model is mainly used for ______ data to study the association between the survival time of patients and one or more predictor variables. Correct Answer : survival analysis Rationale: Survival analysis involves the study of time until the occurrence of an event, and the Cox model estimates the hazard (or risk) of the event as a function of predictor variables. True/False Questions

7. True or False: A p-value indicates the probability that the observed results occurred by random chance. Correct Answer : True Rationale: A p-value helps determine the strength of the results, indicating the likelihood of observing the data if the null hypothesis is true.
8. True or False: In randomized controlled trials, blinding is primarily done to reduce selection bias. Correct Answer : False Rationale: Blinding is used to prevent bias in reporting, assessment, or treatment due to knowledge of the intervention. It primarily targets performance and detection bias, not selection bias. Multiple Response Questions
9. Which of the following are assumptions of linear regression? (Select all that apply) a) Linear relationship b) Homoscedasticity

Additional Questions

11. The Kaplan-Meier method is primarily used in: a) Case-control studies b) Measuring diagnostic test accuracy c) Estimating survival functions d) Assessing correlation between variables Correct Answer : c) Estimating survival functions Rationale: The Kaplan-Meier method estimates the survival function from lifetime data, creating a survival curve representing the probability of survival as a function of time.
12. In a case-control study, the measure of association typically calculated is: a) Relative risk b) Odds ratio c) Hazard ratio d) Proportionate rate Correct Answer : b) Odds ratio

Rationale: Odds ratio is used in case-control studies to measure the association between an exposure and an outcome.

13. True or False: A Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected. Correct Answer : True Rationale: A Type I error occurs when a true null hypothesis is rejected, wrongly indicating a significant effect when there is none.
14. In a health outcomes study, which measure is most typically used to adjust for multiple confounding variables? a) Logistic regression b) Correlation coefficient c) T-test d) Descriptive statistics Correct Answer : a) Logistic regression Rationale: Logistic regression allows for the adjustment of multiple confounders when determining the association between an exposure and a binary outcome.

c) Kaplan-Meier estimator d) Factor analysis Correct Answer : b) Logistic regression Rationale: Logistic regression is employed for predicting the probability of a categorical dependent variable based on one or more predictor variables.

18. True or False: Sensitivity and specificity are terms used to describe the accuracy of a diagnostic test. Correct Answer : True Rationale: Sensitivity refers to the test's ability to correctly identify those with the disease, and specificity refers to the test's ability to correctly identify those without the disease.
19. Which of the following is a method for reducing confounding in the design stage of a study? a) Matching b) Stratification c) Regression analysis d) Randomization

Correct Answer : a) Matching Rationale: Matching involves pairing individuals with similar characteristics across groups being compared to reduce the effect of confounding variables.

20. Fill in the Blank: ______ bias occurs when participants are differentially lost from follow-up across groups being compared in a study. Correct Answer : Attrition Rationale: Attrition bias arises when there are systematic differences between the comparison groups in terms of drop-outs or loss to follow-up.
21. What does a confidence interval of a parameter estimate illustrate? a) The precision and the uncertainty around the estimate b) The range of the sample data c) The variance of the sample data d) The minimum and maximum values of the data set Correct Answer : a) The precision and the uncertainty around the estimate

Correct Answer : a) Inter-rater reliability Rationale: Inter-rater reliability refers to the level of agreement among multiple observers or instruments measuring the same phenomenon.

24. True or False: Confounding is a distortion of the estimated effect of an exposure by a third variable that is associated with both the exposure and the outcome. Correct Answer : True Rationale: Confounding arises when the effect of the primary exposure on an outcome is mixed up with the effect of a third variable on the outcome.
25. In clinical trials, intention-to-treat analysis involves: a) Including participants who complete the study protocol perfectly b) Including all randomized participants in the groups to which they were originally assigned c) Excluding participants with protocol deviations d) Reanalyzing data as per secondary outcomes

Correct Answer : b) Including all randomized participants in the groups to which they were originally assigned Rationale: Intention-to-treat analysis is a principle whereby all participants in a clinical trial are analyzed in the groups to which they were randomized, regardless of protocol adherence.

26. Multiple Response: Which statistical techniques can be used for data reduction or to identify patterns? (Select all that apply) a) Factor analysis b) Component analysis c) Regression analysis d) Cluster analysis Correct Answer s: a) Factor analysis, d) Cluster analysis Rationale: Both factor and cluster analyses are used for data reduction and pattern recognition. Factor analysis reduces data by identifying associated underlying dimensions, whereas cluster analysis groups data based on similarities.
27. Which of the following is NOT a latent variable technique? a) Factor analysis b) Item response theory c) ANOVA

30. What is the primary purpose of agent-based modeling in healthcare research? a) To replicate past studies accurately b) To model complex interactions and emergent phenomena in systems c) To estimate sample size requirements for clinical trials d) To improve the sensitivity of diagnostic tests Correct Answer : b) To model complex interactions and emergent phenomena in systems Question: Which statistical test is most appropriate for comparing the means of two independent groups when the data is not normally distributed? Answer : Mann-Whitney U test Rationale: The Mann-Whitney U test is a non-parametric test used to compare two independent groups when the data does not meet the assumptions of parametric tests, such as the t-test. Question: A researcher wants to determine the relationship between patient satisfaction and length of hospital stay. What type of statistical analysis would be most appropriate? Answer : Correlation analysis

Rationale: Correlation analysis is used to measure the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two continuous variables. Question: What type of sampling method is used when every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected? Answer : Simple random sampling Rationale: Simple random sampling ensures that each member of the population has an equal probability of being selected, minimizing bias. Question: A study is conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a new medication for treating hypertension. The researchers randomly assign participants to either the treatment group or the control group. What type of study design is this? Answer : Randomized controlled trial Rationale: Randomized controlled trials are considered the gold standard for evaluating the effectiveness of interventions. They involve random assignment of participants to treatment groups, minimizing bias and increasing the likelihood of establishing causality. Question: A researcher is conducting a study to examine the prevalence of diabetes in a specific community. What type of study design would be most appropriate? Answer : Cross-sectional study

Rationale: ANOVA is a powerful tool for comparing means across multiple groups, accounting for variations within and between groups. Question: A __ is a graphical representation of the relationship between two variables. Answer : Scatter plot Rationale: Scatter plots are useful for visualizing the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables. Question: A __ is a type of research study that involves collecting data from a sample of individuals over a period of time. Answer : Longitudinal study Rationale: Longitudinal studies track changes in variables over time, allowing researchers to examine trends and patterns. True/False Question: A p-value of 0.05 indicates that the results of a study are statistically significant. Answer : True Rationale: A p-value less than 0.05 is generally considered statistically significant, suggesting that the observed results are unlikely to have occurred by chance.

Question: A confidence interval is a range of values that is likely to contain the true population parameter. Answer : True Rationale: Confidence intervals provide a range of plausible values for a population parameter, based on the sample data. Question: A type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true. Answer : True Rationale: A type I error, also known as a false positive, occurs when a researcher incorrectly concludes that there is a significant effect when there is none. Question: A type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is accepted when it is actually false. Answer : True Rationale: A type II error, also known as a false negative, occurs when a researcher fails to detect a significant effect that actually exists. Question: A systematic review is a type of research study that summarizes the findings of multiple studies on a specific topic. Answer : True