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Neolithic Revolution
A period that took place from 8000 B.C. to 4000 B.C. when there was a shift from the hunting of animals and the gathering of food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis. TERM 2
Megaliths
DEFINITION 2 A stone of great size, especially in ancient construction work, as the Cyclopean masonry, or in prehistoric Neolithic remains, as dolmens or menhirs. TERM 3
Hydraulic Empire
DEFINITION 3 A social or government structure which maintains power and control through exclusive control over access to water. It arises through the need for flood control and irrigation, which requires central coordination and a specialized bureaucracy. TERM 4
Cuneiform
DEFINITION 4 Denoting or relating to the wedge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia, Persia, and Ugarit, surviving mainly impressed on clay tablets. TERM 5
Ziggurat
DEFINITION 5 A rectangular stepped tower, sometimes surmounted by a temple. Ziggurats are first attested in the late 3rd millennium B.C. and probably inspired the biblical story of the Tower of Babel.
Gilgamesh
A legendary king of the Sumerian city state of Uruk who is supposed to have ruled sometime during the first half of the 3rd millennium B.C. He is the hero of the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, which recounts his exploits in an ultimately unsuccessful quest for immortality. TERM 7
Sargon
DEFINITION 7 (23342279 B.C.), the semi-legendary founder of the ancient kingdom of Akkad. TERM 8
Enheduanna
DEFINITION 8 Akkadian poet who united Sumerians with the Akkadians; poet, composer, writer, devoted to love goddess Inanna, wrote "Exaltation of Inanna." TERM 9
Hammurabi
DEFINITION 9 Babylonian king (1792-1750) who made Babylon the chief Mesopotamian kingdom and codified the laws of Mesopotamia and Sumeria. TERM 10
Hittites
DEFINITION 10 A member of an ancient people who established an empire in Asia Minor and Syria that flourished from circa 1700 to circa 1200 B.C.
Book of the Dead
A collection of ancient Egyptian papyrus books, many with elaborate illustrations, each containing prayers, hymns, incantations, and formulas for the behavior of the souls of the dead. TERM 17
Hyksos
DEFINITION 17 A people of mixed Semitic and Asian descent who invaded Egypt and settled in the Nile delta circa 1640 B.C. They formed the 15th and 16th dynasties of Egypt and ruled a large part of the country until driven out circa 1532 B.C. TERM 18
Hatshepsut
DEFINITION 18 Queen of Egypt (1503-1482) who on the death of her husband, Thutmose II (c. 1504), became regent for her son Thutmose III. She bestowed the title of pharaoh on herself and adopted all the pharaonic customs, including the wearing of a false beard. TERM 19
Thutmose III
DEFINITION 19 King of Egypt (1504-1450) who conquered Syria and much of the Euphrates Valley and brought great wealth to Egypt. TERM 20
Akhenaton
DEFINITION 20 (14th century B.C.), Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th dynasty; reigned 13791362 B.C.; came to the throne as Amenhotep IV. He renounced polytheism, introducing a monotheistic based on worship of the sun disk, Aten, in whose honor he changed his name. The husband of Nefertiti, he moved the capital from Thebes to the newly built city of Akhetaten. The empire began to disintegrate during his reign.
Ramses
II
Reigned circa 1292-circa 1225 B.C.; known as Ramses the Great. The third pharaoh of the 19th dynasty, he built vast monuments and statues, including the two rock temple at Abu Simbel. TERM 22
Linear A
DEFINITION 22 The earlier of two related forms of writing discovered at Knossos in Crete between 1894 and 1901, found on tablets and vases dating from circa 1700 to 1450 B.C. and still largely unintelligible. TERM 23
Sea Peoples
DEFINITION 23 Any or all of the groups of invaders, of uncertain identity, who encroached on Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean by land and sea in the late 13th century B.C. The Egyptians were successful in driving them away, but some, including the Philistines, settled in Palestine. Also called Peoples of the Sea. TERM 24
Troy
DEFINITION 24 An ancient city of northwest Asia Minor near the Dardanelles. Originally a Phrygian city dating from the Bronze Age, it is the legendary site of the Trojan War and was captured and destroyed by Greek forces c. 1200 B.C. TERM 25
Homer
DEFINITION 25 Greek epic poet. Two of the greatest works in Western literature, the Iliad and the Odyssey, are attributed to him.
