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Gregory I
(r. 590-604) Pope who dispatched missionaries to northern Europe and wrote theological works and saints` biographies. TERM 2
Bertha
DEFINITION 2 (539-ca. 612) Christian daughter of a Frankish king who married King Aethelbert and helped establish Christianity in Britain. TERM 3
Synod of Whitby
DEFINITION 3 Meeting in 664 at which Roman usages and the date for Easter were adopted, thus bringing English Christianity into the Roman tradition. TERM 4
Donation of Constantine
DEFINITION 4 A forged mid-eighth-century document purporting to be a transfer of land and power in the western empire from Emperor Constantine to Pope Silvester. TERM 5
Benedict of Nursia
DEFINITION 5 (ca. 480-543) Founder of the Benedictine Order of monks who devised a mode of monastic living that proved successful and was widely adopted.
Bede
(ca. 673-735) Monk known as the Venerable Bede for his great learning; author of The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. TERM 7
Comes Stabuli
DEFINITION 7 A late Roman and Byzantine office responsible for the horses and pack animals intended for use by the army and the imperial court. TERM 8
Major Domus
DEFINITION 8 Merovingian kings' military commander and chief governor of a province. TERM 9
Charles Martel
DEFINITION 9 (686-741) Known as the "the Hammer," the mayor of the palace in Austrasia who established the Carolingian dynasty. TERM 10
Charlemagne
DEFINITION 10 (r. 768-814) Son of Pepin; king of the Franks who became emperor of the west in 800.
Treaty of Verdun
Division of the Frankish empire in 843 among Emperor Louis`s heirs into the three portions that laid the basis for the future political divisions of Europe. TERM 17
Vassal
DEFINITION 17 Typically, a man of combat who swore an oath of fealty to bring both fiscal and military aid to a lord, usually in exchange for property iwth which to support himself. TERM 18
Serfs
DEFINITION 18 Peasants whose residence on a plot of land that they cultivated for a lord was compulsory and hereditary. TERM 19
Vikings
DEFINITION 19 Scandinavian warriors who raided the coasts of Europe and the British Isles. TERM 20
Alfred the Great
DEFINITION 20 (r. 871-899) King of Wessex in southwestern and south- central England who stopped the invasion of the Danes.
Beowulf
Epic poem written between 700 and 1000 in Anglo-Saxon that tells the story of a hero from Scandinavia who defeats the monster Grendel. TERM 22
Otto I
DEFINITION 22 (r. 936-973) King of the eastern Franks, crowned emperor in
TERM 23
Cluny
DEFINITION 23 Influential reform-minded monastery founded in 910, known for its austerity. TERM 24
St. Bernard of Clairveaux
DEFINITION 24 (1090-1153) Cistercian monk who was an influential preacher and adviser to French kings and the pope. TERM 25
Gregory VII
DEFINITION 25 (r. 1073-1085) Pope who expanded papal authority, raised clerical standards, and protected the church from interference by secular rulers.
Clare of Assisi
(1194-1253) Follower of Francis of Assisi who established an affiliated order of nuns, the Poor Clares, in 1212. TERM 32
Dominic
Guzman
DEFINITION 32 (ca. 1170-1221) Founder of the Order of Preachers, or Dominican Order. TERM 33
Urban
II
DEFINITION 33 (r. 1088-1099) Pope who in 1095 inspired the crusading movement. TERM 34
Peter the Hermit
DEFINITION 34 French monk and preacher of the First Crusade (1095) who founded (c. 1100) the Augustinian monastery of Neufmoutier in Belgium.
