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Knights Templar
Military order founded in the 1120s in Jerusalem to defend the land the Crusader forces had captured. TERM 2
Philip IV
DEFINITION 2 (r. 1268-1314) king of France who challenged the power of the papacy, obtaining the elevation of Clement V as pope residing at Avignon. TERM 3
Saladin
DEFINITION 3 (r. 1169-1193) Muslim leader, of Kurdish ancestry, who defeated the Crusaders at Hattin and captured Jerusalem. TERM 4
Philip II
Augustus
DEFINITION 4 (r. 1179-1223) King of France and co-leader of the Third Crusade. TERM 5
Reconquista
DEFINITION 5 War to bring all Muslim territory in Spain under Christian rule.
William I
(r. 1066-1087) King of England, who, as duke of Normandy, invaded England, defeated the Danish king, and assumed the crown; known as William the Conqueror. TERM 7
Henry
II
DEFINITION 7 (r. 1154-1189) King of England who, through his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine, held in vassalage a large portion of the French Kingdom. TERM 8
Thomas Becket
DEFINITION 8 Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 to 1170; murdered following his opposition to Henry II's attempts to control the clergy (1118-1170). TERM 9
Magna Carta
DEFINITION 9 A document confining the English king to his traditional rights and obligations, signed by King John in 1215. TERM 10
Edward I
DEFINITION 10 King of England (1272-1307) who conquered Wales and warred with Scotland. His Model Parliament of 1295 is sometimes considered England's first full parliament.
Gothic Architecture
Style of architecture that emerged in the mid-twelfth century and diverged from the slightly earlier Romanesque style in its pointed arches and the use of much more stained glass made possible by flying buttresses. TERM 17
Notre Dame
DEFINITION 17 Cathedral of Paris, begun in 1163 and completed in the late thirteenth century. TERM 18
Peter Abelard
DEFINITION 18 (1079-1142) Brilliant theologian and charismatic lecturer in Paris, notable for his attempts to reconcile faith and reason. TERM 19
Thomas Aquinas
DEFINITION 19 (1225-1274) Dominican theologian whose works are a synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and Scholasticism TERM 20
Heloise
DEFINITION 20 (10981164) French abbess who is known for her tragic love affair with the theologian Abelard. She later became abbess of the community of Paraclete.
Avicenna
(ca. 980-1037) Persian physician and philosopher who specialized in Aristotle's work relating to medicine. TERM 22
Averroes
DEFINITION 22 (1125-1198) Important Muslim philosopher, born in Muslim Spain, whose interpretations of Aristotle's work were influential in Christian Europe. TERM 23
William Ockham
DEFINITION 23 (1285-1349) English scholastic philosopher and assumed author of Occam's Razor. TERM 24
Chaucer
DEFINITION 24 English poet regarded as the greatest literary figure of medieval England. His works include The Book of the Duchess (1369), Troilus and Criseyde (c. 1385), and his masterwork, The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400). TERM 25
Little Ice Age
DEFINITION 25 Period of cooler weather in Europe beginning around the start of the fourteenth century.
Longbow
Bow six feet high that had been used by the Welsh to resist the English and then adopted by the English army, where it proved decisive in Edward III's battles in France. TERM 32
Chevauches
DEFINITION 32 Mounted warriors whose purpose was to destroy crops and terrorize the people of the countryside. TERM 33
Agincourt
DEFINITION 33 Battle in 1415 in Northern France in which the army of Henry V defeated the army of Charles VI of France. TERM 34
Joan of Arc
DEFINITION 34 (1412-1431) Peasant girl who led French troops to victory over the English at Orleans in 1429; later captured by the English and burned at the stake as a witch.
