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Definitions and historical context for key figures, events, and concepts during the middle ages and renaissance periods. Topics include religious leaders, emperors, scholars, artists, and various movements and conflicts. This resource is useful for students of history, art history, and religious studies.
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(d. 1381) Leader of the English Peasants' Revolt. TERM 2
DEFINITION 2 (r. 1294-1303) Pope who reasserted the papacy's supreme authority over secular rulers. TERM 3
DEFINITION 3 From 1309 to 1377, the period of the papacy's residence in the city Avignon in what is today southern France. TERM 4
DEFINITION 4 (1378-1417) Split within the western church at the end of the Avignon papacy over the three rivals to the office of the pope. TERM 5
DEFINITION 5 The council in 1414-1418 that succeeded in ending the Great Schism in the Roman Catholic Church.
(1347-1380) Holy woman known for her long fasts and mystic religious experiences; canonized in 1461. TERM 7
DEFINITION 7 (ca. 1330-1384) Theologian from Oxford who questioned the fundamental teaching of the church. TERM 8
DEFINITION 8 (ca. 1369-1415) Czech theologian and reformer condemned as a heretic and burned at the stake. TERM 9
DEFINITION 9 (122482) Byzantine emperor (125982); founder of the Palaeologan dynasty. His reign saw the recovery of Constantinople from the Latins (1261) and the reunion (1274) of the Greek and Roman churches. TERM 10
DEFINITION 10 (c. 1204-1227) Mongol ruler who conquered northern China and established the Mongol Empire.
(1304-1374) Francesco Petrarca, one of the first humanist scholars, was responsible for the recovery of numerous works of classical Latin Roman writers. TERM 17
DEFINITION 17 (1355-1415) Important Greek scholar who introduced the scientific works of ancient Greek philosophers to the west. TERM 18
DEFINITION 18 (r. 1469-1492) Ruler of Florence and patron of artists, poets, and humanist scholars during the Italian Renaissance. TERM 19
DEFINITION 19 (1475-1564) Painter, sculptor, poet, and architect, considered in his time to be the greatest artist Italy had ever produced. TERM 20
DEFINITION 20 (1267-1334) Best-known and most influential painter of the Middle Ages.
(1377-1446) Outstanding architect, painter, and engineer who introduced linear perspective in painting and designed the dome of Florence's cathedral. TERM 22
DEFINITION 22 (1452-1519) One of the world's greatest artists and engineers, most famous for his painting the Mona Lisa. TERM 23
DEFINITION 23 Book or manuscript containing a calendar, prayers, and biblical passages for private devotion. TERM 24
DEFINITION 24 Study of the writings of the early church fathers such as, Jerome, Ambrose, Augustine, and Pope Gregory I. TERM 25
DEFINITION 25 (1469-1536) Dutch humanist, theologian, and textual scholar whose writings influenced the movement for church reform.
A person who is successful when it comes to working, and overall universal, knew how to dance, fight, sing, write poetry, and how to create art, and well educated with the classics. Also means that one should be capable of achievements in many areas. TERM 32
DEFINITION 32 (1459-1527) Diplomat and political writer most famous for The Prince, a work instructing rulers on how to govern. TERM 33
DEFINITION 33 A political treatise by the Italian diplomat, historian and political theroist Niccolo Machiavelli. TERM 34
DEFINITION 34 (r. 1503-1513) Pope who was a great patron of artists, especially Michelangelo, and who restored the Papal States to papal control.