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Key Historical Events and Movements in the mid-20th Century: From NATO to Women's Rights, Quizzes of United States History

An overview of significant historical events and movements during the mid-20th century, including the establishment of nato, the dixiecrats, the launch of sputnik, school desegregation, the civil rights act, and the rise of feminism. It also covers key political and social developments such as the cold war, the space race, and the civil rights movement.

Typology: Quizzes

2015/2016

Uploaded on 05/13/2016

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TERM 1
Truman Doctrine
DEFINITION 1
President Truman's aid program to European
countries
Especially Greece & Turkey - Threatened by
communism
Announced in 1947
Supported by Republicans and Democrats
Bipartisan Support
U.S. assumed permanent global responsibility.
TERM 2
Marshall Plan
DEFINITION 2
Proposed in 1947
By General George Marshall
Pledged the U.S. to contribute billions of dollars to
finance the economic recovery of Europe
Offered a positive vision to go along with a policy
of Containment.
One of the most successful foreign aid programs in
History.
TERM 3
NATO
DEFINITION 3
Established in 1949
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
U.S., Canada, & Western European Nations
USSR responds with WARSAW PACT
1st peacetime military alliance
TERM 4
Dixiecrats
DEFINITION 4
1948 Democratic Election
Deep South Delegates
Walked out of 1948 Democratic National
Convention
In protest of Party's support for civil rights
Formed the State's Rights Democratic Party.
TERM 5
Joseph McCarthy
DEFINITION 5
1950's
Republican Senator of Wisconsin
HUAC
Downfall: Army-McCarthy hearings - Nationally
Televised.
Aimed to expose communist in U.S. Government.
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Truman Doctrine

President Truman's aid program to European

countries

Especially Greece & Turkey - Threatened by

communism

Announced in 1947

Supported by Republicans and Democrats

Bipartisan Support

U.S. assumed permanent global responsibility.

TERM 2

Marshall Plan

DEFINITION 2

Proposed in 1947

By General George Marshall

Pledged the U.S. to contribute billions of dollars to

finance the economic recovery of Europe

Offered a positive vision to go along with a policy

of Containment.

One of the most successful foreign aid programs in

History.

TERM 3

NATO

DEFINITION 3

Established in 1949

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

U.S., Canada, & Western European Nations

USSR responds with WARSAW PACT

1st peacetime military alliance

TERM 4

Dixiecrats

DEFINITION 4

1948 Democratic Election

Deep South Delegates

Walked out of 1948 Democratic National

Convention

In protest of Party's support for civil rights

Formed the State's Rights Democratic Party.

TERM 5

Joseph McCarthy

DEFINITION 5

1950's

Republican Senator of Wisconsin

HUAC

Downfall: Army-McCarthy hearings - Nationally

Televised.

Aimed to expose communist in U.S. Government.

SPUTNIK

Launched October 1957

Artificial Satellite

by the Soviet Union

U.S. caught off-guard

Soviet's beat U.S. Military- 2 launch Satellite

(freaked U.S. out)

Started the beginning of the Space Race.

Established NASA a year later - 1958

TERM 7

Interstate Highway System

DEFINITION 7 Roadside businesses, leisure (related to travel) Hotels, Gas Stations, mechanics, fast food, pit stops, vacations Eisenhower Administration Cost a ton of Money - Multi-billiondollar Purpose: Provide exit route in case nuclear warfare good roads to mobilize Army Boom for car, rubber, oil industries TERM 8

Brown vs. Board of Education

DEFINITION 8

School Desegregation

School Desegregation in public schools

unconstitutional(violated 14th Amendment).

Slowly implemented

Reversed Plessy v Ferguson

1954 Topeka, Kansas

Case started by NAACP lawyer

TERM 9

Freedom Rides

DEFINITION 9 1961 Tested a recent U.S. Supreme Court decision integrating interstate buses, trains, and stations Result: ICC imposed sanctions and penalties for the violation of integration laws Spearheaded by Bobby Kennedy Riders encountered violence in Southern states organized by court TERM 10

Civil Rights Act

DEFINITION 10

Prohibited racial discrimination in Employment,

Institutions, public accommodations

Banned discrimination on grounds of sex

Signed by Lyndon Johnson

Richard Nixon

American Politician

Won Presidency 1968

Fundamentally altered Cold War Policies

Brought down by watergate scandal which leads to

his RESIGNATION in 1974

TERM 17

Gulf War

DEFINITION 17

Military action 1991

Quickly pushed out Iraqi Army from Kuwait

International coalition led by the U.S. drove Iraq

from Kuwait

Iraq (deeply in debt)

Military operation - Iraq out in 12 hrs.

TERM 18

NAFTA

DEFINITION 18 North America Free Trade Agreement 1993 Between Mexico, Canada, & U.S. Allowed goods to travel across their borders free of tariffs Critics argued that American workers would lose their jobs to cheaper Mexicanlabor Opposed by Labor Unions & Environmentalists TERM 19

Watts Riot

DEFINITION 19

$30-40 million in property damage

Los Angeles, CA

Part of wave of ghetto uprising

35 dead!

TERM 20

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

DEFINITION 20

Authorizing the President to take ALL NECESSARY

MEASURES TO REPEL ARMED ATTACK in Vietnam

Began with reports that 2 U.S. destroyers

stationedin the Body of Tonkin were fired upon by

N. Vietnam forces

determined that NO such attack ever took place

Feminine

Mystique

Book by Betty Friedan, 1963

a public reawakening of feminist concerns

TERM 22

Containment

DEFINITION 22

General U.S. strategy in the Cold War

called for CONTAINING SOVIET EXPANSION

Originally devised by U.S. diplomat George F. KENNAN

TERM 23

Iron Curtain

DEFINITION 23

Term by Winston Churchill

describes Cold War divide

between Western Europe &

the USSR's Eastern satellites

TERM 24

Atomic Energy Commission

DEFINITION 24

AEC

Knowledge of Atomic Weapons

TERM 25

National Security Act 1947

DEFINITION 25

Authorized the reorganization of government to

coordinate military branches and security agencies

created NSC, CIA, & Department of Defense

Coordinating agency

informs president of what's happening around world

lots of ppl involved in gov.

China

Communists won the Civil War in China, 1949 Led by Mao Zedong Est. Communism in China Seen as setback for ContainmentPolicy U.S. refused to recognize the People's Republic of China (Mao's public regime) & blocked it from UN (United Nations) participation U.S. fighting spread of Communism = U.S. Alarmed TERM 32

Cold War &

Asia

DEFINITION 32 Korean War 1950- June 1950- N. Korean army invaded S. hoping to reunify the country under communist control American troops did the bulk of fighting for THIS FIRST battlefield of the COLD WAR! Chinese troops intervened - backed N. Korea No peace treaty ending Korean War - stalemate/ ceasefire dividedcountry S = U.S. Democratic N= Communist TERM 33

Idea of Freedom

DEFINITION 33 The Cold War was an ideological struggle a battle for "Hearts & Minds" of ppl throughout the world Cold war battlefields involved American history & culture CIA emerged as unlikely patrons of the Arts to Improve perception of America = funding Arts to favor America's image abroad, so ppl will side with U.S. (Selling Ideology) ppl not siding w/ Americans - Nasty labels for regimes not labeled with America. Cold War Ideology vs. Communism Totalitarianism TERM 34

Totalitarianism

DEFINITION 34

Term describing:

aggressive

ideologically driven states

that sought to subdue

all of Civil Society to their control

leaving no room for individual rights

or alternative values.

TERM 35

A Changing Economy

DEFINITION 35

1950's

"The Golden Age" of capitalism

Post-war/Cold War Economic Growth

Rise in Wages- MORE White Collar Workers

PovertyRate DECLINED - 1 in 5 Americans remained

in poverty

Unintended consequence of Labor - replaced Mechanical

for ppl = Lost Jobs!

The 1952 Campaign

Importance of TV in Politics - who/where stand Eisenhower's (IKE) popularity and promises to end the Korean conflict brought him victory in November 1952 July 1953= Cease Fire for Korean War Eisenhower v. Taft Global Scale (focus on ALL countries) v. isolationist (after war only focus on our country. Eisenhower delivers on all Triumph for Eisenhower and the Republican Party TERM 37

Modern Republicanism

DEFINITION 37 Party sought to disassociate from Hoover, Great Depression, indifference = Reclaim freedomfrom liberals Return to the White House Ike scaled back government spending Refused to repeal New Deal Programs Wealthy Businessmen Dominated Eisenhower's Cabinet New Deal Programs - increase in gov. spending, ppl in favor, safety net for Americans, Ike=promoted TERM 38

Conservatives

DEFINITION 38

Reclaiming the idea of freedom from liberals

RISE IN CONSERVATISM

2 Strengths formed

(1) Libertarian Conservatives

(2) "New Conservatives"

Two Powerful enemies became focal points for the

conservative revival: THE SOVIET UNION & THE

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

TERM 39

Libertarian

Conservatives

DEFINITION 39

Freedom meant individual autonomy

limited government

unregulated capitalism

appeals to ppl in S & W

Trend not reversed in S

TERM 40

New

Conservatives

DEFINITION 40

return to civilization based on Christian Values

Moral Society

Gov/Society to police morals (1950-Present)

Women

2 positions: wage earner & providers, enjoyed/embraced Women at work soon began to rise Working to maintain middle-class lifestyle Women were expected to get married, have kids, and stay at home. wanted more, limited women. Baby Boom Feminism seemed to have disappeared from American life. (under wraps, not 100% true). began filling homes with appliances bored w/ role in society - wanted college education, enjoyed working/being in society. TERM 47

Television

DEFINITION 47 Provide Americans of ALL REGIONS and Backgrounds with a COMMON CULTURAL EXPERIENCE. Ex. Vietnam broadcasted, powerful medium TV replaced NEWSPAPERS as the MOST COMMON SOURCE OF INFO. TELEVISION= Most effective advertising medium ever invented Influenced how Am. spendTIME & MONEY Programs paid for by advertisers TERM 48

School

Desegregation

DEFINITION 48

See BROWN v. BOARD

Little Rock's Central High School

Eisenhower calls in military troops -- lead kids into schools

-- protect & enforce integration.

TERM 49

Montgomery Bus

Boycott

DEFINITION 49

Rosa Parks

Bus Boycott- Dec. 5, 1955 - Dec 20, 1956

Women's PoliticalCouncil helped organize

Martin Luther King Jr.

Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)

Emerged as the movement's National Symbol

TERM 50

Military-Industrial complex

DEFINITION 50

Arms Race

Eisenhower urged his successors to strike a

balance b/w a strong national defense & diplomacy

growing military involvement

defense having Lobbying

don't have too much say in American Politics

The militarization of the U.S.

$ spent on military

The Rising Tide Protest

CORE: Congress of Racial Equality

Founded in 1942

Nonviolent tactics

See Freedom Rides - Test in U.S. - Integration

(buses)

Diane Nash

ICC - sanctions/penalties 4 violation of integration laws

TERM 52

Malcolm X

DEFINITION 52 Nation of Islam = works w/ & clashes, converts. Critical of ideas of integration & nonviolence ORGANIZATION of AFRO-AMERICAN UNITY Est. June 1964 - Harlem, NY Reconnect Afr-Am. w/ their Afr. Heritage Est. Economic Independence Promote Afr. Am. Self-determination ASSASSINATED - Feb. 21, 1965 - shot several times by 3ppl, dies, gunman caught - "innocent" - behind Islam/ not admit TERM 53

The Rise of Black Power

DEFINITION 53 BLACK POWER Encompassed an array of ideas Racial Self-Assertion 'Black is beautiful' 'Afro-American' instead of 'Negro' BLACK PANTHER PARTY (more Militant) Founded in Oakland, Ca - OCT 1966 Armed self-defense = No trouble unless responding to violence Health Clinics Children's breakfast programs - put food on table ADDRESSED NEEDS OF COMMUNITY!!! TERM 54

The KENNEDY years

DEFINITION 54 Cold Warrior Established Peace Corp - U.S. aids foreign nations, expand influence=public stunt, improve Am. image. Kennedy & Civil Rights failed to protect activistsfrom violence, insisting law enforcement was a local matter. = reluctant to get involved, both blacks/whites assaulted Called for laws to end discrimination in public places ASSASSINATION: Nov 22, 1963 Before finished 1st term Forced focus on Foreign Policy TERM 55

The Missile Crisis

DEFINITION 55 OCTOBER 1962 Soviet Union installed missiles in Cuba Kennedy imposes blockade (see pic) on CUBA USSR removes missiles from CUBA U.S.removes its missiles from TURKEY 1963 - Ban on NUCLEAR WEAPONS testing in atmosphere and space. Cuba =sugar interest, 1959 Fidel Castro, New Com. Gov., Soc. Rev, align w/ USSR, falling under com. not in U.S. closest to an Atomic War

National Chicano Moratorium

Protesting war in Vietnam & for civil rights Chicano community sympathized with Vietnamese National Chicano Moratorium Committee- ROSALIO MUNOZ stop Mex. going 2 war, slaughter v. serving country Rosalio- brough attn 2, draft board, awareness=get out of draft. L.A. organizes community anti-war, educates Chicanos resources 4 no draft. Ruben Salazar -Aug. 29, 1970 March altercation in Southern, ca - liquor store TERM 62

Women's Rights

(Lib)

DEFINITION 62 Women Activists encountered gender discrimination in social movements by 1967 - Women holding consciousness-raising groups "ThePersonal is Political" Educated and informed Women of their rights Not limited by gender Wom. Bodies are their rights - wom. issues linked to politics, make less than men, no longer holding back - bring awareness. 1968 Ms AM Pagent protest, bra burning TERM 63

DEFINITION 63 Lyndon Johnson - withdrew from the 1968 Election Chicago Democratic National Convention - Chicago Altercation of Viet. Protestors vs. Democratic Party (gained attn) 2,000 Police - not friendly, beating, tear gas, during coverage of Convention - looks bad on Party. HUMPHREY vs. NIXON 4 Presidency 1968 NIXON - Defeats HUBERT HUMPHREY 1968 VP, Enters Presidency, Blows w/ Watergate return to order Silent majority TERM 64

Vietnam

DEFINITION 64 Vietnamization -Gradual withdrawal of American Troops to be replaced by S. Vietnamese soldiers Destabilized Cambodian Gov't. KHMER ROUGE: Killing Fields My Lai Massacre 350 civilians killed by American Servicemen (3-4million, U.S. =58, casualties). Paris Peace Agreement (Treaty) Withdrawal of Am. Troops in 1973 S. Viet. govt. collapses in 1975 Vietnam reunification under communism Domino theory coming true, Vietnam still communist N & S Viet. all the same country. TERM 65

Nixon &

Detente

DEFINITION 65 Nixon Fundamentally altered cold war policies Trip to China, Feb 1972 China regained seat in UN Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) Froze each country's arsenal of intercontinental missiles Banned the development of systems meant to intercept missiles. Peaceful coexistence between US & USSR CONSERVATIVES viewed NIXON'S Foreign Policy as SOFT on COMMUNISM

Economic Decline

DECLINE of MANUFACTURING 1960 =38% 1980 =28% employed in manufacturing STAGFLATION:Stagnant Economic Growth & High Inflation OIL CRISIS: 1973=Arab-Isreali War 1979= "oil shock" Unemployment at 9% by mid 1970's TERM 67

Carter Administration

DEFINITION 67 Election 1976 Carter ran for president as an outsider Advocated for making govt more efficient, protecting the environment, raising moral tone of politics- WON ELECTION! ECONOMIC CRISIS Viewed inflation, not unemployment as main economic problem Deregulated trucking & airline industries (lowered prices) Repealed usury law Uneventful - more towards the service of ppl. TERM 68

Reagan

DEFINITION 68 Appealed to White Backlash Emphasized States' Rights Riding a wave of dissatisfaction with the country's condition, Reagan swept into the White House. REAGANOMICS Tax reform: reduce tax rate for the wealthy Pro-business: reduced workplace safety regulation Hostility toward labor unions TERM 69

Reagan & The Cold

War

DEFINITION 69

Reagan denounced the Soviet Union as an "evil

empire"

Largest military build up in American History

Strategic Defense Initiative

Space-based system to intercept & destroy enemy

missiles

Reagan determined to overturn the "Vietnam

Syndrome"

TERM 70

Reagan &

Gorbachev

DEFINITION 70

Reagan softened his anticommunist rhetoric in his 2nd

term

Est. good relations w/ SOVIET PREMIER MIKHAIL

GORBACHEV

Negotiations to establish arms control

GASNOST= POLITICAL OPENNESSPERESTROIKA=

ECONOMIC REFORM