Download Key Historical Events and Movements in the mid-20th Century: From NATO to Women's Rights and more Quizzes United States History in PDF only on Docsity!
Truman Doctrine
President Truman's aid program to European
countries
Especially Greece & Turkey - Threatened by
communism
Announced in 1947
Supported by Republicans and Democrats
Bipartisan Support
U.S. assumed permanent global responsibility.
TERM 2
Marshall Plan
DEFINITION 2
Proposed in 1947
By General George Marshall
Pledged the U.S. to contribute billions of dollars to
finance the economic recovery of Europe
Offered a positive vision to go along with a policy
of Containment.
One of the most successful foreign aid programs in
History.
TERM 3
NATO
DEFINITION 3
Established in 1949
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
U.S., Canada, & Western European Nations
USSR responds with WARSAW PACT
1st peacetime military alliance
TERM 4
Dixiecrats
DEFINITION 4
1948 Democratic Election
Deep South Delegates
Walked out of 1948 Democratic National
Convention
In protest of Party's support for civil rights
Formed the State's Rights Democratic Party.
TERM 5
Joseph McCarthy
DEFINITION 5
1950's
Republican Senator of Wisconsin
HUAC
Downfall: Army-McCarthy hearings - Nationally
Televised.
Aimed to expose communist in U.S. Government.
SPUTNIK
Launched October 1957
Artificial Satellite
by the Soviet Union
U.S. caught off-guard
Soviet's beat U.S. Military- 2 launch Satellite
(freaked U.S. out)
Started the beginning of the Space Race.
Established NASA a year later - 1958
TERM 7
Interstate Highway System
DEFINITION 7 Roadside businesses, leisure (related to travel) Hotels, Gas Stations, mechanics, fast food, pit stops, vacations Eisenhower Administration Cost a ton of Money - Multi-billiondollar Purpose: Provide exit route in case nuclear warfare good roads to mobilize Army Boom for car, rubber, oil industries TERM 8
Brown vs. Board of Education
DEFINITION 8
School Desegregation
School Desegregation in public schools
unconstitutional(violated 14th Amendment).
Slowly implemented
Reversed Plessy v Ferguson
1954 Topeka, Kansas
Case started by NAACP lawyer
TERM 9
Freedom Rides
DEFINITION 9 1961 Tested a recent U.S. Supreme Court decision integrating interstate buses, trains, and stations Result: ICC imposed sanctions and penalties for the violation of integration laws Spearheaded by Bobby Kennedy Riders encountered violence in Southern states organized by court TERM 10
Civil Rights Act
DEFINITION 10
Prohibited racial discrimination in Employment,
Institutions, public accommodations
Banned discrimination on grounds of sex
Signed by Lyndon Johnson
Richard Nixon
American Politician
Won Presidency 1968
Fundamentally altered Cold War Policies
Brought down by watergate scandal which leads to
his RESIGNATION in 1974
TERM 17
Gulf War
DEFINITION 17
Military action 1991
Quickly pushed out Iraqi Army from Kuwait
International coalition led by the U.S. drove Iraq
from Kuwait
Iraq (deeply in debt)
Military operation - Iraq out in 12 hrs.
TERM 18
NAFTA
DEFINITION 18 North America Free Trade Agreement 1993 Between Mexico, Canada, & U.S. Allowed goods to travel across their borders free of tariffs Critics argued that American workers would lose their jobs to cheaper Mexicanlabor Opposed by Labor Unions & Environmentalists TERM 19
Watts Riot
DEFINITION 19
$30-40 million in property damage
Los Angeles, CA
Part of wave of ghetto uprising
35 dead!
TERM 20
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
DEFINITION 20
Authorizing the President to take ALL NECESSARY
MEASURES TO REPEL ARMED ATTACK in Vietnam
Began with reports that 2 U.S. destroyers
stationedin the Body of Tonkin were fired upon by
N. Vietnam forces
determined that NO such attack ever took place
Feminine
Mystique
Book by Betty Friedan, 1963
a public reawakening of feminist concerns
TERM 22
Containment
DEFINITION 22
General U.S. strategy in the Cold War
called for CONTAINING SOVIET EXPANSION
Originally devised by U.S. diplomat George F. KENNAN
TERM 23
Iron Curtain
DEFINITION 23
Term by Winston Churchill
describes Cold War divide
between Western Europe &
the USSR's Eastern satellites
TERM 24
Atomic Energy Commission
DEFINITION 24
AEC
Knowledge of Atomic Weapons
TERM 25
National Security Act 1947
DEFINITION 25
Authorized the reorganization of government to
coordinate military branches and security agencies
created NSC, CIA, & Department of Defense
Coordinating agency
informs president of what's happening around world
lots of ppl involved in gov.
China
Communists won the Civil War in China, 1949 Led by Mao Zedong Est. Communism in China Seen as setback for ContainmentPolicy U.S. refused to recognize the People's Republic of China (Mao's public regime) & blocked it from UN (United Nations) participation U.S. fighting spread of Communism = U.S. Alarmed TERM 32
Cold War &
Asia
DEFINITION 32 Korean War 1950- June 1950- N. Korean army invaded S. hoping to reunify the country under communist control American troops did the bulk of fighting for THIS FIRST battlefield of the COLD WAR! Chinese troops intervened - backed N. Korea No peace treaty ending Korean War - stalemate/ ceasefire dividedcountry S = U.S. Democratic N= Communist TERM 33
Idea of Freedom
DEFINITION 33 The Cold War was an ideological struggle a battle for "Hearts & Minds" of ppl throughout the world Cold war battlefields involved American history & culture CIA emerged as unlikely patrons of the Arts to Improve perception of America = funding Arts to favor America's image abroad, so ppl will side with U.S. (Selling Ideology) ppl not siding w/ Americans - Nasty labels for regimes not labeled with America. Cold War Ideology vs. Communism Totalitarianism TERM 34
Totalitarianism
DEFINITION 34
Term describing:
aggressive
ideologically driven states
that sought to subdue
all of Civil Society to their control
leaving no room for individual rights
or alternative values.
TERM 35
A Changing Economy
DEFINITION 35
1950's
"The Golden Age" of capitalism
Post-war/Cold War Economic Growth
Rise in Wages- MORE White Collar Workers
PovertyRate DECLINED - 1 in 5 Americans remained
in poverty
Unintended consequence of Labor - replaced Mechanical
for ppl = Lost Jobs!
The 1952 Campaign
Importance of TV in Politics - who/where stand Eisenhower's (IKE) popularity and promises to end the Korean conflict brought him victory in November 1952 July 1953= Cease Fire for Korean War Eisenhower v. Taft Global Scale (focus on ALL countries) v. isolationist (after war only focus on our country. Eisenhower delivers on all Triumph for Eisenhower and the Republican Party TERM 37
Modern Republicanism
DEFINITION 37 Party sought to disassociate from Hoover, Great Depression, indifference = Reclaim freedomfrom liberals Return to the White House Ike scaled back government spending Refused to repeal New Deal Programs Wealthy Businessmen Dominated Eisenhower's Cabinet New Deal Programs - increase in gov. spending, ppl in favor, safety net for Americans, Ike=promoted TERM 38
Conservatives
DEFINITION 38
Reclaiming the idea of freedom from liberals
RISE IN CONSERVATISM
2 Strengths formed
(1) Libertarian Conservatives
(2) "New Conservatives"
Two Powerful enemies became focal points for the
conservative revival: THE SOVIET UNION & THE
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
TERM 39
Libertarian
Conservatives
DEFINITION 39
Freedom meant individual autonomy
limited government
unregulated capitalism
appeals to ppl in S & W
Trend not reversed in S
TERM 40
New
Conservatives
DEFINITION 40
return to civilization based on Christian Values
Moral Society
Gov/Society to police morals (1950-Present)
Women
2 positions: wage earner & providers, enjoyed/embraced Women at work soon began to rise Working to maintain middle-class lifestyle Women were expected to get married, have kids, and stay at home. wanted more, limited women. Baby Boom Feminism seemed to have disappeared from American life. (under wraps, not 100% true). began filling homes with appliances bored w/ role in society - wanted college education, enjoyed working/being in society. TERM 47
Television
DEFINITION 47 Provide Americans of ALL REGIONS and Backgrounds with a COMMON CULTURAL EXPERIENCE. Ex. Vietnam broadcasted, powerful medium TV replaced NEWSPAPERS as the MOST COMMON SOURCE OF INFO. TELEVISION= Most effective advertising medium ever invented Influenced how Am. spendTIME & MONEY Programs paid for by advertisers TERM 48
School
Desegregation
DEFINITION 48
See BROWN v. BOARD
Little Rock's Central High School
Eisenhower calls in military troops -- lead kids into schools
-- protect & enforce integration.
TERM 49
Montgomery Bus
Boycott
DEFINITION 49
Rosa Parks
Bus Boycott- Dec. 5, 1955 - Dec 20, 1956
Women's PoliticalCouncil helped organize
Martin Luther King Jr.
Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)
Emerged as the movement's National Symbol
TERM 50
Military-Industrial complex
DEFINITION 50
Arms Race
Eisenhower urged his successors to strike a
balance b/w a strong national defense & diplomacy
growing military involvement
defense having Lobbying
don't have too much say in American Politics
The militarization of the U.S.
$ spent on military
The Rising Tide Protest
CORE: Congress of Racial Equality
Founded in 1942
Nonviolent tactics
See Freedom Rides - Test in U.S. - Integration
(buses)
Diane Nash
ICC - sanctions/penalties 4 violation of integration laws
TERM 52
Malcolm X
DEFINITION 52 Nation of Islam = works w/ & clashes, converts. Critical of ideas of integration & nonviolence ORGANIZATION of AFRO-AMERICAN UNITY Est. June 1964 - Harlem, NY Reconnect Afr-Am. w/ their Afr. Heritage Est. Economic Independence Promote Afr. Am. Self-determination ASSASSINATED - Feb. 21, 1965 - shot several times by 3ppl, dies, gunman caught - "innocent" - behind Islam/ not admit TERM 53
The Rise of Black Power
DEFINITION 53 BLACK POWER Encompassed an array of ideas Racial Self-Assertion 'Black is beautiful' 'Afro-American' instead of 'Negro' BLACK PANTHER PARTY (more Militant) Founded in Oakland, Ca - OCT 1966 Armed self-defense = No trouble unless responding to violence Health Clinics Children's breakfast programs - put food on table ADDRESSED NEEDS OF COMMUNITY!!! TERM 54
The KENNEDY years
DEFINITION 54 Cold Warrior Established Peace Corp - U.S. aids foreign nations, expand influence=public stunt, improve Am. image. Kennedy & Civil Rights failed to protect activistsfrom violence, insisting law enforcement was a local matter. = reluctant to get involved, both blacks/whites assaulted Called for laws to end discrimination in public places ASSASSINATION: Nov 22, 1963 Before finished 1st term Forced focus on Foreign Policy TERM 55
The Missile Crisis
DEFINITION 55 OCTOBER 1962 Soviet Union installed missiles in Cuba Kennedy imposes blockade (see pic) on CUBA USSR removes missiles from CUBA U.S.removes its missiles from TURKEY 1963 - Ban on NUCLEAR WEAPONS testing in atmosphere and space. Cuba =sugar interest, 1959 Fidel Castro, New Com. Gov., Soc. Rev, align w/ USSR, falling under com. not in U.S. closest to an Atomic War
National Chicano Moratorium
Protesting war in Vietnam & for civil rights Chicano community sympathized with Vietnamese National Chicano Moratorium Committee- ROSALIO MUNOZ stop Mex. going 2 war, slaughter v. serving country Rosalio- brough attn 2, draft board, awareness=get out of draft. L.A. organizes community anti-war, educates Chicanos resources 4 no draft. Ruben Salazar -Aug. 29, 1970 March altercation in Southern, ca - liquor store TERM 62
Women's Rights
(Lib)
DEFINITION 62 Women Activists encountered gender discrimination in social movements by 1967 - Women holding consciousness-raising groups "ThePersonal is Political" Educated and informed Women of their rights Not limited by gender Wom. Bodies are their rights - wom. issues linked to politics, make less than men, no longer holding back - bring awareness. 1968 Ms AM Pagent protest, bra burning TERM 63
DEFINITION 63 Lyndon Johnson - withdrew from the 1968 Election Chicago Democratic National Convention - Chicago Altercation of Viet. Protestors vs. Democratic Party (gained attn) 2,000 Police - not friendly, beating, tear gas, during coverage of Convention - looks bad on Party. HUMPHREY vs. NIXON 4 Presidency 1968 NIXON - Defeats HUBERT HUMPHREY 1968 VP, Enters Presidency, Blows w/ Watergate return to order Silent majority TERM 64
Vietnam
DEFINITION 64 Vietnamization -Gradual withdrawal of American Troops to be replaced by S. Vietnamese soldiers Destabilized Cambodian Gov't. KHMER ROUGE: Killing Fields My Lai Massacre 350 civilians killed by American Servicemen (3-4million, U.S. =58, casualties). Paris Peace Agreement (Treaty) Withdrawal of Am. Troops in 1973 S. Viet. govt. collapses in 1975 Vietnam reunification under communism Domino theory coming true, Vietnam still communist N & S Viet. all the same country. TERM 65
Nixon &
Detente
DEFINITION 65 Nixon Fundamentally altered cold war policies Trip to China, Feb 1972 China regained seat in UN Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) Froze each country's arsenal of intercontinental missiles Banned the development of systems meant to intercept missiles. Peaceful coexistence between US & USSR CONSERVATIVES viewed NIXON'S Foreign Policy as SOFT on COMMUNISM
Economic Decline
DECLINE of MANUFACTURING 1960 =38% 1980 =28% employed in manufacturing STAGFLATION:Stagnant Economic Growth & High Inflation OIL CRISIS: 1973=Arab-Isreali War 1979= "oil shock" Unemployment at 9% by mid 1970's TERM 67
Carter Administration
DEFINITION 67 Election 1976 Carter ran for president as an outsider Advocated for making govt more efficient, protecting the environment, raising moral tone of politics- WON ELECTION! ECONOMIC CRISIS Viewed inflation, not unemployment as main economic problem Deregulated trucking & airline industries (lowered prices) Repealed usury law Uneventful - more towards the service of ppl. TERM 68
Reagan
DEFINITION 68 Appealed to White Backlash Emphasized States' Rights Riding a wave of dissatisfaction with the country's condition, Reagan swept into the White House. REAGANOMICS Tax reform: reduce tax rate for the wealthy Pro-business: reduced workplace safety regulation Hostility toward labor unions TERM 69
Reagan & The Cold
War
DEFINITION 69
Reagan denounced the Soviet Union as an "evil
empire"
Largest military build up in American History
Strategic Defense Initiative
Space-based system to intercept & destroy enemy
missiles
Reagan determined to overturn the "Vietnam
Syndrome"
TERM 70
Reagan &
Gorbachev
DEFINITION 70
Reagan softened his anticommunist rhetoric in his 2nd
term
Est. good relations w/ SOVIET PREMIER MIKHAIL
GORBACHEV
Negotiations to establish arms control
GASNOST= POLITICAL OPENNESSPERESTROIKA=
ECONOMIC REFORM
