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Pakistan's Political History: Provinces, Independence, Military, and Parties, Study notes of Comparative Law and Politics

Berry College Comparative Law and Politics

An overview of pakistan's political history, focusing on the provinces, independence, military interventions, and political parties. It covers topics such as the largest provinces and their populations, the role of the british in shaping pakistan's borders, the government of india act, pakistan's independence, the pakistan muslim league, military coups, and their impact on the political landscape.

Typology: Study notes

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 11/01/2009

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Pakistan

Provinces

Punjab

- Punjabi – largest in population

- Seraiki

North-West Frontier

- Pashtun

Baluchistan

- Baluchi

Sindh

- Sindhi

- Mohajir – refugee

Bonus Areas 

- Federal Administrative Tribal Areas

British never able to tame them

Actually scared to go in

- Northern Areas and Asad Kashmir

2 administrative areas that Pakistan carved out of the Kashmir territory

after conflict

Duran line separates Afghanistan and Pakistan

- Decided by British

- Not an agreed upon international border

1935 – Government of India Act

British act to give viceroy power to intervene in any state

Took care of government after independence until constitution was created in 1956

Pakistan – Governor General gains power of viceroy

August 14, 1947 – Pakistan’s Independence Day

Baluchistan wanted to break away

Pashtuns also wanted their own state of Pashtunistan

Military was used to pacify the situation

High visibility/usage of the military

Military believes itself to be saviors

Muhammed Ali Jinnah

First Governor General

Because independence was gained with vestiges of British rule, there is still supposed to

be a “nominal head of state”

Meant to be ceremonial but he took powers onto himself under the rules of the

Government of India Act

At independence, Indian Muslim refugees (mohajir) flee to Pakistan

Sindh complains that mohajir will overrun the population

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Pakistan

Provinces  Punjab

Punjabi – largest in population
Seraiki  North-West Frontier
Pashtun  Baluchistan
Baluchi  Sindh
Sindhi
Mohajir – refugee  Bonus Areas 
Federal Administrative Tribal Areas  British never able to tame them  Actually scared to go in
Northern Areas and Asad Kashmir  2 administrative areas that Pakistan carved out of the Kashmir territory after conflict  Duran line separates Afghanistan and Pakistan
Decided by British
Not an agreed upon international border 1935 – Government of India Act  British act to give viceroy power to intervene in any state  Took care of government after independence until constitution was created in 1956  Pakistan – Governor General gains power of viceroy August 14, 1947 – Pakistan’s Independence Day  Baluchistan wanted to break away  Pashtuns also wanted their own state of Pashtunistan  Military was used to pacify the situation  High visibility/usage of the military  Military believes itself to be saviors Muhammed Ali Jinnah  First Governor General  Because independence was gained with vestiges of British rule, there is still supposed to be a “nominal head of state”  Meant to be ceremonial but he took powers onto himself under the rules of the Government of India Act  At independence, Indian Muslim refugees (mohajir) flee to Pakistan  Sindh complains that mohajir will overrun the population

 Jinnah takes over and pretty much tells them to deal with it  War breaks out because Kashmir decides to side with India

Still an issue
Problem is because Muslims were supposed to go with Pakistan when the two countries were formed
Maharaja of Kashmir wanted to give Kashmir its own independence
Because of this, they faced pressure from Pakistan and ended up asking India for help which is how they joined them  After Jinnah dies a year after the Constitution is created, his successors continue with the idea of the Governor General having all the powers of a President Pakistan Muslim League (PML)  Jinnah’s original political organization when he came into power  Became a political Party  Other than taking the Muslims out of India, they had no plan  Their leader Jinnah died  Then second-in-command, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan is assassinated  The Party is left disillusioned and it breaks into four separate ones  The one still called PML is run by Nawaz Sharif currently 1953 – Beginning of Military’s undermining of Political authority  Ayub Khan makes a trip to the U.S. because the military needs more funds which are not being given to them by the government  Promises the U.S. to help fight communism in exchange for mooney/hardware  This gives military the idea that foreign affairs are now their jurisdiction  Pakistan becomes a “rentier state” which means they rent themselves/their services out to different countries in exchange for things  40% of the national income is foreign aide  However they never give fully what they have promised to their benefactors 1956 – Constitution  Used the word President to replace Governor General  Concentration of power in the presidency  Declares Pakistan an Islamic state  Radical political parties form just based on Islam  Becomes a republic  Governor General turned into President
Had tons of power
Succession of many presidents none of whom are properly elected
Standing legislation chooses bureaucrats
Even the legislation has never been properly elected
Lots of corruption 1958 – Military Coup East Pakistan

 Instead of following constitution he gives the position the position to his friend Yahya Khan Yahya Khan 1969-  Yahya sees that a militarily based government will no longer be tolerated by the civilians  Promises to hold elections  1970 – elections

Zulficar Ai Bhutto – represents Pakistan People’s Party
Sheikh Mujibur Roman – represents Awami League from East Pakistan
Awami League wins majority but because of prejudice and resentment towards the Bengalis of the East, they will not be given the government
General - “Don’t worry we will not allow those black bastards to rule over us.”
Would not let properly elected government rule  East Pakistan decides to secede
Military released into East to stop secession
5 millions East Pakistanis flee to India
Western military commits bountiful atrocities to the Easterners
50,000 killed
India intervenes and East Pakistan wins
East Pakistan becomes Bangladesh Zulficar Ai Bhutto 1971-  Decides since he won the elections he would become President  Creates new constitution  Wanted to limit the military
Put all top military officers in retirement
Picked the Butcher of Bengal (Naizzi) to be the Chief of Army Staff
Changed so chief can only serve one term
used his Party’s Federal Security Force as domestic army  Niazzi’s term ends and Bhutto looks for another weak guy  Picks Zia-ul-Haq who he was advised to choose because of his extreme piety which would hopefully make him obedient to authority  Grudge begins to grow against Bhutto
Showed the Indo-Pakistani surrender often on t.v.
Used his Pakistan People’s Party’s FSF as his honor guard which was a direct insult to the army
Favored the idea of a Chinese militia compared to an army  1974 – India releases nuclear device
Bhutto strengthens military which is against his original plan of limiting military power  There was another insurrection in Baluchistan and he again had to send in the military.  Elections held in 1977 and Bhutto rigged it to win by a landslide
People grew angry
Army had to be called in to take care of protests 1973 – New Constitution

 Elected Prime Minister  Elected parliament  Made the president ceremonial  Harsh punishments of death for anyone who goes against president Operation Fair Play – 1977 Coup  Military goes against Bhutto because of corruption in government and other things  Zia-ul-Haq takes power  Promised to hold elections after he took power

Had to stall because he knew that if he held elections Bhutto would win and he would be charged for going against the government
Charged Bhutto with murder and he was convicted
Bhutto executed as a result of popular protest by religious fanatics  Zia wants to purify/cleanse Pakistan through an Islamization program
Called for referendum (just like Ayub Khan) to see if the public agrees with the idea
They said yes so of course he took that to mean that they wanted him to be president in order to run the program Islamization Program  Long arguments over whether a hand cut off for stealing is the state’s or the person’s  Belief that Muhammed didn’t like people to sit when they pee  Basically nothing was really being done 1979 – Russia invades Afghanistan  Zia uses this to his advantage to ask the U.S. for aide in exchange for fighting against the Soviets  U.S. gives 3.2 million! 1988 – Zia killed in mysterious plane crash  Before Zia died he planned a prime ministerial election with two conditions

8 th^ amendment – president can fire the prime minister
Elections without Party affiliation  After his death, the interim president was going to hold elections when the Supreme Court decided that condition 2 (no parties) was unconstitutional Benazir Bhutto – PPP – daughter of the original Bhutto – fired through 8th^ amendment Sharif Nawaz – Pakistan Muslim League – fired again Bhutto – fired again 1998 – Sharif again  Finally creates the 13th^ amendment to counteract the 8th  Forces resignation of the Chief of Army Staff Karamat

Pakistan's Political History: Provinces, Independence, Military, and Parties, Study notes of Comparative Law and Politics

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Download Pakistan's Political History: Provinces, Independence, Military, and Parties and more Study notes Comparative Law and Politics in PDF only on Docsity!

Pakistan