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Pakistan's Political History: Provinces, Independence, Military, and Parties, Study notes of Comparative Law and Politics

An overview of pakistan's political history, focusing on the provinces, independence, military interventions, and political parties. It covers topics such as the largest provinces and their populations, the role of the british in shaping pakistan's borders, the government of india act, pakistan's independence, the pakistan muslim league, military coups, and their impact on the political landscape.

Typology: Study notes

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 11/01/2009

shriekformusic
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Pakistan
Provinces
Punjab
- Punjabi – largest in population
- Seraiki
North-West Frontier
- Pashtun
Baluchistan
- Baluchi
Sindh
- Sindhi
- Mohajir – refugee
Bonus Areas
- Federal Administrative Tribal Areas
British never able to tame them
Actually scared to go in
- Northern Areas and Asad Kashmir
2 administrative areas that Pakistan carved out of the Kashmir territory
after conflict
Duran line separates Afghanistan and Pakistan
- Decided by British
- Not an agreed upon international border
1935 – Government of India Act
British act to give viceroy power to intervene in any state
Took care of government after independence until constitution was created in 1956
Pakistan – Governor General gains power of viceroy
August 14, 1947 – Pakistan’s Independence Day
Baluchistan wanted to break away
Pashtuns also wanted their own state of Pashtunistan
Military was used to pacify the situation
High visibility/usage of the military
Military believes itself to be saviors
Muhammed Ali Jinnah
First Governor General
Because independence was gained with vestiges of British rule, there is still supposed to
be a “nominal head of state”
Meant to be ceremonial but he took powers onto himself under the rules of the
Government of India Act
At independence, Indian Muslim refugees (mohajir) flee to Pakistan
Sindh complains that mohajir will overrun the population
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Pakistan

Provinces  Punjab

  • Punjabi – largest in population
  • Seraiki  North-West Frontier
  • Pashtun  Baluchistan
  • Baluchi  Sindh
  • Sindhi
  • Mohajir – refugee  Bonus Areas 
  • Federal Administrative Tribal Areas  British never able to tame them  Actually scared to go in
  • Northern Areas and Asad Kashmir  2 administrative areas that Pakistan carved out of the Kashmir territory after conflict  Duran line separates Afghanistan and Pakistan
  • Decided by British
  • Not an agreed upon international border 1935 – Government of India Act  British act to give viceroy power to intervene in any state  Took care of government after independence until constitution was created in 1956  Pakistan – Governor General gains power of viceroy August 14, 1947 – Pakistan’s Independence Day  Baluchistan wanted to break away  Pashtuns also wanted their own state of Pashtunistan  Military was used to pacify the situation  High visibility/usage of the military  Military believes itself to be saviors Muhammed Ali Jinnah  First Governor General  Because independence was gained with vestiges of British rule, there is still supposed to be a “nominal head of state”  Meant to be ceremonial but he took powers onto himself under the rules of the Government of India Act  At independence, Indian Muslim refugees (mohajir) flee to Pakistan  Sindh complains that mohajir will overrun the population

 Jinnah takes over and pretty much tells them to deal with it  War breaks out because Kashmir decides to side with India

  • Still an issue
  • Problem is because Muslims were supposed to go with Pakistan when the two countries were formed
  • Maharaja of Kashmir wanted to give Kashmir its own independence
  • Because of this, they faced pressure from Pakistan and ended up asking India for help which is how they joined them  After Jinnah dies a year after the Constitution is created, his successors continue with the idea of the Governor General having all the powers of a President Pakistan Muslim League (PML)  Jinnah’s original political organization when he came into power  Became a political Party  Other than taking the Muslims out of India, they had no plan  Their leader Jinnah died  Then second-in-command, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan is assassinated  The Party is left disillusioned and it breaks into four separate ones  The one still called PML is run by Nawaz Sharif currently 1953 – Beginning of Military’s undermining of Political authority  Ayub Khan makes a trip to the U.S. because the military needs more funds which are not being given to them by the government  Promises the U.S. to help fight communism in exchange for mooney/hardware  This gives military the idea that foreign affairs are now their jurisdiction  Pakistan becomes a “rentier state” which means they rent themselves/their services out to different countries in exchange for things  40% of the national income is foreign aide  However they never give fully what they have promised to their benefactors 1956 – Constitution  Used the word President to replace Governor General  Concentration of power in the presidency  Declares Pakistan an Islamic state  Radical political parties form just based on Islam  Becomes a republic  Governor General turned into President
  • Had tons of power
  • Succession of many presidents none of whom are properly elected
  • Standing legislation chooses bureaucrats
  • Even the legislation has never been properly elected
  • Lots of corruption 1958 – Military Coup East Pakistan

 Instead of following constitution he gives the position the position to his friend Yahya Khan Yahya Khan 1969-  Yahya sees that a militarily based government will no longer be tolerated by the civilians  Promises to hold elections  1970 – elections

  • Zulficar Ai Bhutto – represents Pakistan People’s Party
  • Sheikh Mujibur Roman – represents Awami League from East Pakistan
  • Awami League wins majority but because of prejudice and resentment towards the Bengalis of the East, they will not be given the government
  • General - “Don’t worry we will not allow those black bastards to rule over us.”
  • Would not let properly elected government rule  East Pakistan decides to secede
  • Military released into East to stop secession
  • 5 millions East Pakistanis flee to India
  • Western military commits bountiful atrocities to the Easterners
  • 50,000 killed
  • India intervenes and East Pakistan wins
  • East Pakistan becomes Bangladesh Zulficar Ai Bhutto 1971-  Decides since he won the elections he would become President  Creates new constitution  Wanted to limit the military
  • Put all top military officers in retirement
  • Picked the Butcher of Bengal (Naizzi) to be the Chief of Army Staff
  • Changed so chief can only serve one term
  • used his Party’s Federal Security Force as domestic army  Niazzi’s term ends and Bhutto looks for another weak guy  Picks Zia-ul-Haq who he was advised to choose because of his extreme piety which would hopefully make him obedient to authority  Grudge begins to grow against Bhutto
  • Showed the Indo-Pakistani surrender often on t.v.
  • Used his Pakistan People’s Party’s FSF as his honor guard which was a direct insult to the army
  • Favored the idea of a Chinese militia compared to an army  1974 – India releases nuclear device
  • Bhutto strengthens military which is against his original plan of limiting military power  There was another insurrection in Baluchistan and he again had to send in the military.  Elections held in 1977 and Bhutto rigged it to win by a landslide
  • People grew angry
  • Army had to be called in to take care of protests 1973 – New Constitution

 Elected Prime Minister  Elected parliament  Made the president ceremonial  Harsh punishments of death for anyone who goes against president Operation Fair Play – 1977 Coup  Military goes against Bhutto because of corruption in government and other things  Zia-ul-Haq takes power  Promised to hold elections after he took power

  • Had to stall because he knew that if he held elections Bhutto would win and he would be charged for going against the government
  • Charged Bhutto with murder and he was convicted
  • Bhutto executed as a result of popular protest by religious fanatics  Zia wants to purify/cleanse Pakistan through an Islamization program
  • Called for referendum (just like Ayub Khan) to see if the public agrees with the idea
  • They said yes so of course he took that to mean that they wanted him to be president in order to run the program Islamization Program  Long arguments over whether a hand cut off for stealing is the state’s or the person’s  Belief that Muhammed didn’t like people to sit when they pee  Basically nothing was really being done 1979 – Russia invades Afghanistan  Zia uses this to his advantage to ask the U.S. for aide in exchange for fighting against the Soviets  U.S. gives 3.2 million! 1988 – Zia killed in mysterious plane crash  Before Zia died he planned a prime ministerial election with two conditions
  1. 8 th^ amendment – president can fire the prime minister
  2. Elections without Party affiliation  After his death, the interim president was going to hold elections when the Supreme Court decided that condition 2 (no parties) was unconstitutional Benazir Bhutto – PPP – daughter of the original Bhutto – fired through 8th^ amendment Sharif Nawaz – Pakistan Muslim League – fired again Bhutto – fired again 1998 – Sharif again  Finally creates the 13th^ amendment to counteract the 8th  Forces resignation of the Chief of Army Staff Karamat