HIV and AIDS Exam Study Guide: Chapter 24, Exams of Nursing

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1. How is the HIV virus transmitted among people? a. aerosol b. body fluids c. casual touch d. inanimate objects e. animal vectors ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Introduction
2. Where do most of the HIV positive people in the world live? a. U.S. b. Caribbean c. Africa d. Asia e. Europe ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Epidemiology
3. As of 2011, approximately how many people in the U.S. were living with HIV infection? a. 1.35 million b. 2.9 million c. 4.22 million d. 6.5 million e. 8.25 million ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Epidemiology
4. What is the term for a measure of the strength of antigen–antibody binding? a. virulence b. adaptability c. antibody load d. antigen load e. avidity ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Glossary
5. What is the name for the medications that interrupt the viral replication cycle by inhibiting fusion of the HIV virus to

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d. fusion inhibitors e. entry inhibitors ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Glossary

6. What is the term for a change in a person’s antibody status from negative to positive? a. phenotype conversion b. seroconversion c. reciprocity d. serotransition e. genotype transition ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Glossary
7. What is unique about a retrovirus? a. it infects host cells b. it is highly virulent c. it targets CD4 cells d. it carries RNA rather than DNA e. it carries DNA rather than RNA ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Glossary
8. What symptom sometimes accompanies primary HIV infection? a. a skin rash b. a very high fever c. a flu-like syndrome d. a Candida infection e. bloody diarrhea ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Glossary
9. What are symptoms of lactic acidosis? a. abdominal pain, vomiting, rapid breathing b. high fever, sore throat, dehydration c. headache, shallow breathing, chest pain d. vomiting, diarrhea, hypertension

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e. high fever, anorexia, hypotension ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember

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14. What musculoskeletal symptom is relatively common with HIV infection? a. osteoarthritis b. myopathy

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c. ligament laxity d. tendonitis e. rheumatoid arthritis ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Clinical Manifestations

15. What subtype of HIV is endemic in western Africa? a. HIV 1 b. HIV 2 c. HIV 3 d. HIV 4 e. HIV 5 ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Medical Diagnosis
16. How many clinical stages are used to categorize HIV infection, according to the WHO? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6 ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Medical Diagnosis
17. How many types or classes of antiretroviral medications are used to combat HIV infection? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6 ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Treatment
18. How many virons per day can the HIV virus reproduce in the human body? a. between 10,000 and 50,000 virons per day b. between 50,000 and 200,000 virons per day c. between 500,000 and 5 million virons per day

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DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Treatment

19. What is a virus called that has not undergone mutations due to the use of antiviral meds? a. wild type b. pristine sample c. original viron d. first generation e. mother type ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Treatment
20. Which of the following HIV drugs tends to cause the most negative symptoms? a. maraviroc b. fosamprenavir c. ritonavir d. emtricitabine e. rilpivirine ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Treatment
21. How much unexplained weight loss within 6 months is cause for a diagnosis of AIDS-related wasting syndrome (according to the CDC)? a. at least 5% b. at least 10% c. at least 15% d. between 15-20% e. between 20-25% ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Treatment
22. Why is Dronabinol used for HIV-positive patients? a. it is an anabolic steroid b. it is a sleeping aid c. it is an insulin resistance reducer d. it is an appetite stimulant e. it is an energy booster ANSWER: d

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DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Treatment

23. Why is Nandrolone used for HIV-positive patients?

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27. Anecdotal reports suggest what nutritional supplement is effective in treating HIV-related infections and increasing CD4 cell counts? a. Hyssop b. milk thistle

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c. propolis d. tea tree oil e. St. John’s wort ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Treatment

28. What BMI (body mass index) value is associated with increased risk for HIV-related morbidity and mortality? a. less than 17 b. less than 20 c. less than 22 d. less than 24 e. less than 27 ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Nutrition Therapy
29. What percentage of weight loss is associated with increased risk for HIV-related morbidity and mortality? a. at least 1-2% b. at least 3-5% c. at least 5-10% d. at least 15% e. at least 20% ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Nutrition Therapy
30. A CD4 count below what level defines AIDS? a. below 400/μL b. below 350/μL c. below 300/μL d. below 250/μL e. below 200/μL ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Nutrition Therapy
31. What type of fatty acid is recommended to help reduce inflammation effects as well as improve lipid profiles? a. saturated fatty acids b. monounsaturated fatty acids c. omega-3 fatty acids

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DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Nutrition Therapy

32. A low level of what nutrient is associated with greater HIV transmission risk between mother and child? a. iron b. vitamin A c. selenium d. vitamin E e. calcium ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Nutrition Therapy
33. What kind of exercise improves insulin sensitivity? a. aerobic b. anaerobic c. static resistance d. progressive resistance e. fluctuating resistance ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Nutrition Therapy
34. What kind of exercise is used to prevent muscle wasting, assuming an appropriate diet? a. aerobic b. anaerobic c. isotonic d. progressive resistance e. fluctuating resistance ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Nutrition Therapy
35. Which medication is commonly used to treat chronic diarrhea? a. cisapride b. Kaopectate, c. megestrol acetate d. proton pump inhibitors e. H2 blockers ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember

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NP is a 30 - year-old female who was diagnosed with HIV 10 years ago after exposure to the virus as a result of sharing needles (drug addiction). She has come to an outpatient clinic to get her medications and is now being visited by a

REFERENCES: Nutrition Therapy

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b. replace fluids and electrolytes c. increase caffeine consumption d. a high-fiber diet e. an appetite stimulant

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ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Treatment PREFACE NAME: Case

40. If NP’s diarrhea cannot be remedied or controlled, what is the primary short-term concern? a. dehydration b. muscle cramps c. muscle wasting d. osteoporosis e. peripheral neuropathy ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Treatment PREFACE NAME: Case
41. The estimated number of new HIV infections is greatest among men having sex with men in the youngest age group (13–24 years). a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Epidemiology
42. HIV RNA is transcribed to DNA particles using reverse transcriptase enzymes. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Pathophysiology
43. The level of destruction of CD4 cells appears to be less predictive of survival than viral load. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s Remember REFERENCES: Clinical Manifestations
44. The Western blot test has a sensitivity of screening serologic tests of greater than 99.9%. a. True b. False ANSWER: True