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Exam 1 UNT A&P Kasparian
An increased rate of breathing as a result of an increased buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream would be best described as an example of ________ - ✔✔Excretion of metabolic waste Average body temperature is ________ degrees centigrade - ✔✔ 37 If you consider your home air conditioner in terms of homeostasis, then the wall thermostat would be the ________ - ✔✔Control center What is the main, general purpose of negative feedback? - ✔✔To maintain homeostasis What is the specific name for the hip region? - ✔✔Coxal An oblique cut is one that is cut ________ - ✔✔Diagonally between the vertical and horizontal The heart lies in the ________ cavity - ✔✔Pericardial The cavities housing the eyes are called __________ cavities - ✔✔Orbital A structure that is composed of two or more tissues would be a(n) ________ - ✔✔Organ
________ cavities are spaces within joints - ✔✔Synovial Which of the following would not be a functional characteristic of life? - ✔✔Decay Which term means toward or at the back of the body, behind? - ✔✔Dorsal The single most abundant chemical substance of the body, accounting for 60% to 80% of body weight, is ________. - ✔✔Water What is the posterior side of the patella called? - ✔✔Popliteal Which of the following statements is true concerning feedback mechanisms? - ✔✔Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except ________ - ✔✔Palms turned posteriorly Good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be ________ - ✔✔Enhancement of labor contractions Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane? - ✔✔Any sagittal plane except the median
In which abdominopelvic cavity is the stomach located? - ✔✔Left upper Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance? - ✔✔It is considered the cause of most diseases Subdivisions of anatomy include which of the following? - ✔✔Gross, regional, systemic, and surface The term pollex refers to the ________ - ✔✔Thumb The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following? - ✔✔Brain Select the most correct statement - ✔✔The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system One of the functional characteristics of life is irritability. This refers to ________ - ✔✔sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them Which of the following are survival needs of the body? - ✔✔nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen The anatomical position is used ________ - ✔✔As a standard reference point for directional terms regardless of the actual position of the body What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called? - ✔✔Sagittal
What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called? - ✔✔Frontal Which body cavity protects the nervous system? - ✔✔Dorsal Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels? - ✔✔Cardiovascular anatomy Similar cells that have a common function are called ________ - ✔✔Tissues What does the "principle of complementarity of structures and function" mean? - ✔✔What a structure can do depends on its specific form, or "structure determines function." The term that describes the back of the elbow is ________ - ✔✔Olecranal The term that describes the heel region is ________ - ✔✔Calcaneal The elbow is ________ to the wrist - ✔✔Proximal The ________ cavity contains tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the organ of hearing in the inner ear - ✔✔Middle ear
The higher we go in the mountains, the greater the atmospheric pressure, which causes a loss of oxygen. - ✔✔The statement is backwards the higher we go, the less atmospheric pressure, therefore less oxygen. Why is anatomical terminology necessary? - ✔✔Anatomical terms are precise words that have limited usage, which prevents confusion when describing the location of body parts The five cavities of the head are cranial, oral, nasal, middle ear, and ________ - ✔✔Orbital The ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them is called ________ - ✔✔Responsiveness or irritability What is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body? - ✔✔Water Why must a normal body temperature be maintained in order for chemical reactions to be continued at life-sustaining rates? - ✔✔If body temperature is too low, chemical reactions slow and eventually stop. If body temperature is too high, chemical reactions speed up and body proteins lose their normal shape, resulting in loss of function What is the pathway between the receptor and the control center in the reflex pathway called? - ✔✔Afferent pathway What type of homeostatic feedback reflex is the withdrawal reflex? - ✔✔Negative
Why are the abdominopelvic cavity organs the most vulnerable in an automobile accident? - ✔✔The walls of the abdominal cavity are formed only by trunk muscles and are not reinforced by bone. The pelvic organs receive a somewhat greater degree of protection from the bony pelvis. What is the goal of all of the negative feedback mechanisms of the body? - ✔✔The goal is to prevent sudden severe changes within the body Which feedback mechanism causes the variable to deviate further and further from its original value or range? - ✔✔Positive feedback What can happen when the usual negative feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed and destructive positive feedback mechanisms take over? - ✔✔Homeostatic imbalances increase our risk for illness and produce the changes we associate with aging Which body system would be most affected by a lower than normal atmospheric pressure? - ✔✔Respiratory system Which of the following elements is necessary for proper conduction of nervous impulses? - ✔✔Na (Sodium) Choose the statement that is false or incorrect - ✔✔A key feature of the body's metabolism is the almost exclusive use of exergonic reactions by the body In general, the lipids that we refer to as oils have ________ - ✔✔A high degree of unsaturated bonds
Which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells? - ✔✔Sodium Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule? - ✔✔CH What is a chain of 25 amino acids called? - ✔✔Polypeptide Which of the following constitutes a long chain of simple sugars? - ✔✔Polysaccharide What level of protein synthesis is represented by the coiling of the protein chain backbone into an alpha helix? - ✔✔Secondary structure Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the ________. - ✔✔Removal of a water molecule between each 2 units Which statement about enzymes is false? - ✔✔Enzymes raise the activation energy needed to start a reaction. Which of the following statements is false? - ✔✔Larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and more forcefully. Which of the following is true regarding the concentration of solutions? - ✔✔Molarity is one mole of solute per 1000 ml of solution. Select the statement about mixtures that is correct. - ✔✔A solution contains solvent in large amounts and solute in smaller quantities.
Choose the answer that best describes HCO3-. - ✔✔A bicarbonate ion Select which reactions will usually be irreversible regarding chemical equilibrium in living systems. - ✔✔Glucose to CO2 and H2O What happens in redox reactions? - ✔✔Both decomposition and electron exchange occur Choose the answer that best describes fibrous proteins. - ✔✔Are very stable and insoluble in water Which of the following does not describe the ATP molecule? - ✔✔Pigments Select the most correct statement regarding nucleic acids. - ✔✔DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule made up of A, T, G, and C bases Which of the following is an example of a suspension? - ✔✔Blood Select the correct statement about isotopes. - ✔✔Isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number but differ in their atomic masses. The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are ________. - ✔✔Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
The chemical symbol OO means ________. - ✔✔The atoms are double bonded What is a dipole? - ✔✔A polar molecule Histology would be best defined as a study of - ✔✔Tissues The study of the heart may incorporate many aspects of anatomy but as a whole you would say it is __________ anatomy - ✔✔Gross What does CH4 mean? - ✔✔There is one carbon and four hydrogen atoms Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a(n) ________ reaction. - ✔✔Synthesis Which of the following is not considered a factor in influencing a reaction? - ✔✔Time Which of the following is not an electrolyte? - ✔✔H Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat? - ✔✔High heat of vaporization Sucrose is a ________. - ✔✔disaccharide
What is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol in neutral fats? - ✔✔3: In a DNA molecule, the phosphate serves ________. - ✔✔To hold the molecular backbone together Heat shock proteins (hsp) are a type of protein called ________. - ✔✔Chaperonins Which bonds often bind different parts of a molecule into a specific three- dimensional shape? - ✔✔Hydrogen The atomic number is equal to the number of ________. - ✔✔Protons and electrons Molecules such as methane that are made of atoms that share electrons have ________ bonds. - ✔✔Covalent An atom with three electrons would have a valence of ________. - ✔✔One AB → A + B is an example of a(n) ________ reaction. - ✔✔Decomposition ________ have a bitter taste, feel slippery, and are proton acceptors. - ✔✔Bases A holoenzyme is composed of an apoenzyme and a(n) ________. - ✔✔Cofactor
Explain the difference between potential and kinetic energy. - ✔✔Potential energy is inactive stored energy that has potential to do work. Kinetic energy is energy in action. How can phospholipids form a film when mixed in water? - ✔✔Phospholipids have both polar and nonpolar ends. The polar end interacts with water, leaving the nonpolar end oriented in the opposite direction. What properties does water have that make it a very versatile fluid? - ✔✔High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polarity and solvent properties, reactivity, and cushioning. What advantages does ATP have in being the energy currency molecule? - ✔✔Its energy is easy to capture and store; it releases just the right amount of energy for the cell's needs so it is protected from excessive energy release. A universal energy currency is efficient because a single system can be used by all the cells in the body. Explain why chemical reactions in the body are often irreversible. - ✔✔Chemical reactions that release energy cannot be reversed unless energy is put back into the system. Also, the body may use the chemicals solely for its energy, such as glucose, or some reactions produce molecules in excessive quantities (like CO and NH4) that the body needs to discard. When a set of electrodes connected to a lightbulb is placed in a solution of dextrose and a current is applied, the lightbulb does not light up. When the same unit is placed in HCl, it does. Why? - ✔✔HCl ionizes to form current-conducting electrolytes. Dextrose does not ionize, and therefore does not conduct current.
Describe the factors that affect chemical reaction rates. - ✔✔Temperature increases kinetic energy and therefore the force of molecular collisions. Particle size: smaller particles move faster at the same temperature and therefore collide more frequently; also, smaller particles have more surface area given the same concentration of reactants. Concentration: the higher the concentration, the greater the chance of particles colliding. Catalysts increase the rate of the reaction at a given temperature. Enzymes are biological catalysts. A chemical bond never occurs in a mixture. Discuss this. - ✔✔Mixtures come in three forms solutions, colloids, and suspensions. Components of these mixtures always retain their original makeup and can be separated into their individual components; therefore no chemical bonding has taken place. All chemical reactions are theoretically reversible. Comment on this statement. - ✔✔It is possible to reverse any reaction if the products are still present. Those that are only slightly exergonic are easily reversible. Some would require an enormous amount of energy to reverse. In the simple reaction Na + Cl → NaCl the amount of energy it takes to reverse table salt to chlorine gas and sodium metal is enormous. The reversing of the covalently bonded sugar molecule once it is reduced to ATP molecules is even harder or next to impossible. What is the major difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds? - ✔✔Polar bonds have an unequal sharing of electrons resulting in a slight negative charge at one end of the molecule and a slight positive charge at the other end. Nonpolar bonds have an equal sharing of electrons, resulting in a balanced charge among the atoms. An amino acid may act as a proton acceptor or donor. Explain. - ✔✔Amino acids have two componentsa base group (proton acceptor) and an organic acid part (a proton donor).
The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the "factory" site for protein formation is ________. - ✔✔tRNA A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________. - ✔✔swell and burst Which of the following describes the plasma membrane? - ✔✔the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cells Which of these is not a function of the plasma membrane - ✔✔It prevents potassium ions from leaking out and sodium ions from crossing into the cell. Which structures are fingerlike projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface of cells? - ✔✔microvilli Which of the following statements is correct regarding diffusion? - ✔✔The greater the concentration of gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion. Cell junctions that promote the coordinated activity of cells by physically binding them together into a cell community include all of the following except ________.
- ✔✔peroxisomes If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen? - ✔✔The cells will lose water and shrink Which of the following is not a subcellular structure? - ✔✔intercellular material
Once solid material is phagocytized and taken into a vacuole, which of the following statements best describes what happens? - ✔✔A lysosome combines with the vacuole and digests the enclosed solid material. Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to _________. - ✔✔changes in the environment Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein? - ✔✔molecular transport through the membrane Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA? - ✔✔Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane? - ✔✔messenger RNA Mitosis ________. - ✔✔produces nucleus replication The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. This structure is a ________. - ✔✔centriole Which of these is an inclusion, not an organelle? - ✔✔melanin
