Download Horticultural Practices and Plant Growth and more Exams Agricultural economics in PDF only on Docsity!
Horticulture Final Exam with Complete
Solutions
Pregermination is: - ANS-Germinated seeds are fluid drilled Botany is the hard science behind the ____________________ science of horticulture. - ANS-Applied Olericulture is the study of ____________________. - ANS-Vegetables True or False: There are no jobs in horticulture that require extensive training and/or education. - ANS-False True or False: Soil science and entomology have very little to do with horticulture. - ANS-False Which field related to horticulture requires an extensive background in genetics? - ANS- Plant breeding Which one of the following botanical plant names is formatted correctly? A. Platanus Occidentalis B. Beucarnia recurvata C. Eleagnus angustifolia D. Picea pungens f. glauca - ANS-C. ________ have 2 seed leaves, flower parts in multiples of ________or _______ (List flower part multiples from least 0 to greatest 10) and have ________veins, while ________have 1 seed leaf, flower parts in multiples of ________and ________veins. - ANS-Dicots 4s, 5s Net-like Monocots 3s Parallel Which botanical classification level is most similar to the last name in a family? - ANS- Genus _______ are human-selected clones that are propagated and maintained vegetatively or asexually, white ______ are sexually propagated or bred plants that are NOT clones, but look similar enough generally that they look like they are. - ANS-Cultivars Line
Plants are classified into 2 categories in terms of their tolerance to frost or freezing [frost] and hardy. - ANS-Tender Blueberries, azaleas and rhododendrons are _____________ because they love having soil with a pH less than 7. - ANS-Acidophiles Which qualities generally mean production is horticulture versus agronomy? Select all that apply. - ANS-Product is for fresh consumption Product is for aesthetics or entertainment What is the difference between and herbaceous plant and a woody plant? - ANS- Herbaceous plant tissues are "soft" Herbaceous plants survive winter underground ________ tissue moves food around the plant and is mostly living tissue, whereas _______ tissue is mostly dead tissue at maturity and moves water up through the plant.
- ANS-Phloem Xylem All of the following are examples of adventitious roots, EXCEPT: -contractile roots -stolons -brace or prop roots -holdfast - ANS-Stolons One bud per node - ANS-Alternate Two leaves per node - ANS-Opposite 3+ leaves per node - ANS-Whorled What is an example of a pome? - ANS-Apple What is an example of a drupe? - ANS-Peach Which if the following doesn't fit into the group of modified stems? -bract -rhizome -spur -corm - ANS-Bract Which leaf pigment does not contribute to fall color of deciduous leaves? -xanthophyll -anthocyanin -chlorophyll -carotene - ANS-Chlorophyll
Light is both a ______ which provides different colors of light AND a ______of energy that excites chlorophyll during photosynthesis. - ANS-Wave, pulse The wavelengths of the visible spectrum range from _______________ to _____________________. - ANS-380-770 nm Which of the following is NOT a way that horticulturists measure light? - ANS-Actinic Which characteristic of light is most often a trigger? - ANS-Photoperiod ______ are often called accessory or helper pigments because they are excited by light energy and pass that energy to _______ for use in photosynthesis. _______ often intensify under cool nights and warm, bright days and are often responsible for red colors in fall leaves. - ANS-Carotenoids, chlorophyll a, anthocyanins Why do C4 and CAM plants have an advantage when temperatures are higher? - ANS- They don't experience photorespiration nearly as often Which is NOT a reason to optimize spacing and orientation for plants? -Decrease photorespiration rates -Increase plant quality -Help prevent and control disease -Make best use of light - ANS-Decrease photorespiration rates When cauliflower heads are blanched or celery plants are grown very close to one another ______ occurs. The result is tissues that are white or light yellow-green. This happens because ______ breaks down rapidly in the absence of light. - ANS-Etiolation, chlorophyll Cryptochormes and phototropins are ______ light receptors. They control stem elongation and leaf expansion, circadian rhythms and _______ , the bending of plants toward or away from light. - ANS-Blue, phototropisms Phytochromes are ______ light receptors. They control seed germination, photoperiod, internode elongation and anthocyanin production. - ANS-Red Plants look ______ to us because chlorophyll a absorbs a lot of ______ light, but very little ______ light. - ANS-Green, Red and Blue, Green A hedge should be... - ANS-Wider at the bottom than at the top Match the temperature to the best description in terms of plant growth: -growth slows or stops -proteins are denatured or destroyed -generic minimum threshold temperature for WARM season plants
-generic minimum threshold temperature for COOL season plants - ANS-0 C (32 F) 50 C (122 F) 10 C (50 F) 5 C (40 F) Which of the following is the most correct statement about temperature and the rate of chemical processes? -As temperature increases, the rate of chemical reactions decreases. -As temperature increases, the rate of chemical reactions remains the same. -As temperature increases, the rate of chemical reactions increases until a maximum temperature where the relationship breaks down. -As temperature increases, the rate of chemical processes increases exponentially. - ANS-As temperature increases, the rate of chemical reactions increases until a maximum temperature where the relationship breaks down. Most plant growth occurs _______ because the ______ close and the ______ increases within the plant. - ANS-Night, stomates, turgor pressure What is the light compensation point? - ANS-photosynthesis=respiration What is the light saturation point? - ANS-The point at which additional light does not lead to increased photosynthesis. What is DIF? - ANS-The day temperature minus the night temperature Which of the following is the most correct statement about the relationship between sugar and starch? -As temperatures increase, starch is converted to sugar at an exponential rate. -As temperatures increase, sugar is converted to starch more rapidly. -As temperatures decrease, sugar is converted to starch. -As temperatures increase, sugar is converted to starch more slowly. - ANS-As temperatures increase, sugar is converted to starch more rapidly. True or False: Even though manipulating DIF is effective in controlling plant height, it is not commonly used because it requires too much energy to do. - ANS-True The best red fall colors occur when days are ______ AND nights are _______ because _______ rates exceed _______ rates and the excess sugars increase the production of _______. - ANS-Bright and warm Cool Photosynthesis Respiration Anthocyanins The most energy-efficient greenhouse design ______________. - ANS-Minimizes the surface area to volume ratio
What is the temporary loss of turgor pressure on hot afternoons even when the soil is wet; caused by physical limitation to how fast water can move - ANS-Incipient wilting What is the extreme loss of turgor pressure where the plant wilts and cannot recover; usually about -15 bars or -1.5 MPa - ANS-Permanent wilting point Which of the following is NOT a way that plants have adapted to reduce transpiration? -reduce leaf size -modify leaf shape -reduced waxing of cuticles -silver hairs on leaves - ANS-Reduced waxing of cuticles Which of the following is most likely to be a closed irrigation system? -underground sprinkler system on campus -ebb and flood greenhouse bench -center pivot in a field of pumpkins -drip system in a flower bed - ANS-Ebb and flood greenhouse bench Why do overwatering and drought stress display similar symptoms in a plant? - ANS- Because even though the mechanism causing it is different, the result is that the plant cannot take up water in either case Which of the following is the most correct statement about water stress for plants? -water stress is equally damaging to all stages/periods of plant growth -as long as it isn't severe, water stress does not affect plant growth -different plants/crops have different critical periods where water stress is the most damaging -some stages of plant growth are more critical - ANS-Different plants/crops have different critical periods where water stress is the most damaging. Which of the following is not one of the zones in a properly designed xeriscape? -desert zone -oasis zone -transitional zone -arid zone - ANS-Desert zone Which of the following is NOT true about salts? -irrigation with high salt content can lead to faster accumulation of salts in a soil -most plant required nutrients are salts -as salts build up in the soil, the plant has an increasingly difficult time getting water -when water evaporates from the soil, it takes all of the salts with it - ANS-When water evaporates from the soil, it takes all of the salts with it.
Even though there are many different instruments that can measure soil moisture, why do you think that they are rarely used to control irrigation systems? - ANS-Installation can be too complex and the good ones are expensive. In order to be considered an organic soil, how much organic matter must be present? - ANS-20% Which of the following is NOT a function of soil in terms of plant growth? -stores/provides nutrients -provides carbon -stores/provides water -provides anchorage/support - ANS-Provides carbon Which is NOT one of the three particle sizes used to determine the texture of a mineral soil? -silt -dust -sand -clay - ANS-Dust Excessively well-drained; require frequent irrigation; subject to leaching; low in organic matter - ANS-Sandy soils Mostly sand, but enough silt and clay to hold water and nutrients; warm quickly in spring; works great for veggies and fruits - ANS-Sandy loam soils "Ideal" soil texture; mellow soils; balance of all the best characteristics; preferred soil type loam soils - ANS-Loam soils Poorly aerated; poorly drained; easily compacted; warm slowly in spring - ANS-Clay soils Flour-like, smooth texture; usually profitable soils, 50%+ silt - ANS-Silty loam soils Which soil pH range is the best for providing all of the necessary plant nutrients? - ANS- 6.2-6. Which of the following is NOT true about soil pH? -Soil pH has very little impact on nutrient availability -Soil pH affects some plant diseases -Soil pH is difficult to change -Soil pH is determined as a soil forms in response to the climate and the parent material
- ANS-Soil pH has very little impact of nutrient availability What are some ways that horticulturists can reduce or prevent soil erosion?
Promotes root growth in response to drought; signals stomate closure - ANS-Abscisic Acid (ABA) Found throughout a plant; wounding increases production; triggers production of chitinases and proteinase inhibitors - ANS-Jasmonates A product called Sucker Punch is advertised to help prevent dormant buds from breaking. This product is supposed to prevent suckers and water sprouts. What is most likely the active hormone ingredient? - ANS-Auxins The changes induced in a plant by pinching or disbudding are mediated by which hormone? - ANS-Auxins True or False: We can apply chemicals that will literally shrink a plant. - ANS-False How do growth retardants work? - ANS-They keep the internodes from elongating as much Seedless grapes, red delicious apples and celery that you buy in the grocery store most likely have been treated with _____________________ to help them elongate more. - ANS-Gibberellic acid Ethephon is a chemical used to loosen cherries and citrus fruits that are used for processing to aid in harvest. It's active hormone is ______________. - ANS-Ethylene True or False: Plant phenotype is an interaction of the genotype and the environment. Changes in a plant's phenotype due to environmental triggers are hormone-driven. - ANS-True Which of the following is a key characteristic of a horticultural product? - ANS-It is used for aesthetic or recreational value It is consumed fresh True or False: Chlorophyll absorbs all wavelengths of light equally well. - ANS-False What are the primary ways that light affects a plant? (Select all that apply). - ANS-Light determines plant morphology Light provides energy for photosynthesis Which of the following is the most correct statement about the relationship between sugar and starch? -As temperatures increase, sugar is converted to starch more rapidly. -As temperatures increase, sugar is converted to starch more slowly. -As temperatures decrease, sugar is converted to starch. -As temperatures increase, starch is converted to sugar at an exponential rate. - ANS- As temperatures increase, sugar is converted to starch more rapidly
True or False: Even though manipulating DIF is effective in controlling plant height, it is not commonly used because it requires too much energy to implement. - ANS-True Soils with finer texture and soils with more organic matter or both tend to be more fertile because they can hold onto nutrients very well. This is called: - ANS-Cation Exchange Capacity There are ___ required elements for plant growth. - ANS- True or False: Plant minerals are taken up by both passive and active processes. - ANS-True True or False: Since micronutrients are used in such small quantities, a plant can get along pretty well without them. - ANS-True A large organic molecule that encloses a metal such as iron or zinc and prevents it from being bound tightly to the soil is call a(n): - ANS-Chelator True or False: Foliar applications are more commonly used for micronutrient deficiencies than for other nutrient deficiencies. - ANS-True True or False: Organic mulches increase soil temperatures. - ANS-False True or False: Landscape fabric should always be installed beneath organic mulches because it is needed to prevent weed growth. - ANS-False Which of the following is NOT an advantage of ORGANIC mulches? -prevents weed growth -reduces evaporation -increases labor cost -moderates temperatures - ANS-Increases labor cost Which of the following is NOT an advantage of PLASTIC mulches? -keeps fruits cleaner -reduces evaporation -modifies soil temperatures -increases soil fertility - ANS-Increases soil fertility Which is NOT a potential disadvantage of a rock mulch? -excess heat accumulation -weed growth on the rocks over time -long-lasting materials -difficult to clean - ANS-Long-lasting materials True or False: Mulches are useless for containerized crops. - ANS-False
Germinates in fall of first growing season; tough enough to survive the winter without dying or going dormant; seeds early the following spring; dies - ANS-Winter annual May take several years to produce seed; but, as long as conditions are favorable, it will produce seeds each year in cycles of dormancy - ANS-Perennial Olericulture - ANS-Study of vegetables Pomology - ANS-Fruits Viticulture - ANS-Grapes Enology - ANS-Wine Recreational horticulture - ANS-Home gardening; horticulture therapy Some plants have an adaptation which keeps them from inbreeding and forces them to cross-fertilize or cross-breed. It is common in sweet cherries, plums, almonds, pears and some apples and is called _______. Because of this adaptation, a ______ , or tree of a different cultivar, is required in order for these fruit and nut trees to bear fruit. Do not confuse the former cultivar with the insect or bee that moves pollen from one cultivar to the other, which is called a _______. - ANS-Incompatabiltiy Pollinizor Pollinator True or False: Extreme temperatures in either direction can inhibit root growth. - ANS- True True or False: In greenhouses, growth of crops can be speeded up or slowed down, to a certain extent, by increasing or decreasing the temperature. - ANS-True Growing Degree Days (GDDs) or heat units are useful for....? -All of these -Timing pest management -Predicting crop stages -Predicting harvests - ANS-All of these Warm temperatures favor the transition from _______ to starch , while cool temperatures favor the transition of starch to _______. - ANS-Sugar, starch Even though with sugar-enhanced lines it is not as critical, the best management practice for the sweetest corn on the cob is to ______ or cook immediately after picking the ears. - ANS-Cool
Damping off (total seedling death) occurs more often in too______ of soils because seeds germinate _______ in that temperature of soil while Pythium and other_______ are more prevalent under those conditions. - ANS-Cool Poorly Fungi Themodormancy occurs in some cool season crops like peas. It is a condition that helps them survive by preventing germination when the soil temperature is too______ for good growth. - ANS-Warm When are fungicide- or biorational-treated seeds most useful? - ANS-When soils are cooler than optimum True or False: Soil temperature is often more important to plant growth than air temperature. - ANS-True ______ and retractable roofs are examples of _______ cooling, while fans, ______ and fogging systems are examples of________cooling. - ANS-Vents Passive Pad and fan systems Active True or False: All greenhouse coverings are poor insulators, but some are worse than others. - ANS-True Which greenhouse covering has the WORST insulation factor? - ANS-Glass If a gutter-connected range of greenhouses is equal to the growing space of three separate greenhouses, which one will be more energy efficient? Why? -gutter connected because it has more surface area and the same volume -3 separate greenhouses because they have less surface area and the same volume -They're the same because all greenhouses are poorly insulated -gutter connected because it has less surface area and the same volume - ANS-Gutter connected because it has less surface area and the same volume _______ are used to keep heat around the greenhouse benches and they can help make ______ more affordable, but they (the equipment you chose in the first drop- down) are rarely used in the north because _______. - ANS-Thermal Blankets DIF Because snow must be melted off GH or GH will collapse Which of the following is NOT a way to conserve energy in a greenhouse? -using space efficiently -closing a greenhouse during the cold months -using a double-layer greenhouse covering
______ occurs when light is withheld from a plant. The plants look pale yellow or whitish because______ breaks down in the absence of light. - ANS-Etiolation Chlorophylls _______ light controls phototropisms and circadian rhythms, while _______ is responsible for seed germination, photoperiod and plant nastic movements. - ANS-Blue Red Campus security must enter your teaching greenhouse at night for routine patrols. You have a poinsettia crop (short-day plant) growing in the greenhouse in October. You and campus security have come to an arrangement that will ensure that the poinsettias will still flower by having campus security use which source of light when entering the greenhouse? - ANS-Blue LEDs True or False: Weeds usually have a lot of shade tolerance. - ANS-False Which plant material likely has the most water in it? - ANS-Vine-ripened tomato Which physical property of water is primarily responsible for the lake effect? - ANS- Specific heat Which physical property of water is responsible for much of the nutrient uptake within a plant? - ANS-Universal solvent When water _______ through the stomates of plant leaves a "pull" or negative potential is created. As a result, water moves from the soil into the plant and out through the leaves in a process called________. The combination of (the process you just named) and evaporation from the soil surface are combined to determine the total water loss from the soil. This total water loss is called ________ and it serves as one method of determining how much irrigation must be applied. Both of these last 2 processes occur more rapidly when the_______ in the air is reduced. - ANS-Evaporates Photorespiration Evapotranspiration Humidity True or False: Most water uptake occurs in the root tips because there is little resistance to the movement of water there and there is a low total surface area there. - ANS-False Water moves freely across membranes while other compounds may not. This allows membranes to function as _______. However, membranes can also move specific nutrients across and into the plant using energy in a process called ________. - ANS- Filters Active Transport
Which of the following is NOT an example of using water for temperature control in horticulture? -fan and pad cooling systems -misting a plant or an entire greenhouse -syringing of high value turf -adding anti-transpirants - ANS-Adding anti-transpirants Plants can be protected more easily from a(n)_______ by applying irrigation water overnight. The water may freeze on the plants, but the energy given to the plant while the ice freezes can keep the plant tissues from freezing. However, the irrigation system must remain on... ________. - ANS-Radiation frost Until all the ice melts Plants have many adaptations to help them use less water. Plants often adapt by modifying leaf surface characteristics to use less water. Which of the following is NOT an example of a leaf surface characteristic modification used to decrease water use? - ANS-Leaf orientation Why do overwatering, drought stress and high soil salt concentration all display similar symptoms in a plant? - ANS-Because even though the mechanism causing it is different, the result is that the plant cannot take up water in either case Which of the following is the most correct statement about water stress for plants? -as long as it isn't severe, water stress does not affect plant growth -different plants/crops has different critical periods where water -stress is the most damaging -water stress is equally damaging to all stages/periods of plant growth -some stages of plant growth are more critical - ANS-Different plants/crops have different critical periods where water stress is the most damaging True or False: Healthy plants are more resistant to attacks from pathogens or pests, so adding the correct amount of fertilizer will optimize their health. - ANS-True True or False: Plant minerals are only taken up by active processes because plant membranes only allow pure water through. - ANS-False Nutrient deficiency symptoms of a mobile nutrient show up in ______ leaves first, while deficiency symptoms of a non-mobile nutrient show up in_______ leaves first. - ANS- Older, younger What is the best way to know how much fertilizer to apply? - ANS-Do a soil and/or a tissue analysis True or False: All organic matter is good for the soil; the C:N ratio of a compost or organic residue has no effects. - ANS-False
-fewer applications can be made during a growing season -it costs less per pound nutrient than a quick release fertilizer -slow release fertilizers are less likely to leach into ground or surface water - ANS-It costs less per pound of nutrient than a quick release fertilizer Which of the following is NOT an advantage of mulches? (separate question) - ANS- Reduces initial cost of installing landscape Which plastic mulch cools the soil the most? - ANS-White Mulches can be used with crops in containers. - ANS-True What is pruning? - ANS-the removal of parts of the tops or roots of plants 8 reasons to prune: - ANS-1. Remove apical dominance
- Control shape and size
- Directing growth
- Influence flowering/fruiting
- Maintain health and appearance
- Rejuvenate
- Open the canopy
- Specialty Apical Dominance - ANS-terminal bud (apical meristem) growing straight up ex: christmas tree Never remove more than ______ per year. - ANS-1/ This happens when tips of branches are trimmed off. This creates a dense shell on plant( topiary) - ANS-Shearing What is light penetration? - ANS-When light is allowed into the center of the tree. This is common in fruit trees. How does pruning affect the health of plants? - ANS-Removes dead or diseased parts, improves air circulation to prevent disease, corrects defects What are some cautions to take when pruning? - ANS-1. Dip pruners in sanitizer between cuts or plants
- Use bypass pruners NOT anvil type to make clean cuts
- Do NOT cover wound (plants have own way of sealing wound)
- Do NOT remove large branches with single cut
- Use the 3 cut method
- Make final cut just outside bark collar
- Done leave stubs
What is pollarding used for? - ANS-Originally used to promote flush of growth to feed animals. What is the biggest rule when pruning? - ANS-Think twice, cut once What is renewal pruning? - ANS-Severe cuts that cause flushes of new vigorous shoots. When is root pruning used? - ANS-In nurseries to keep roots close to trees for transplanting What is a propagule? - ANS-Part of the plant that is used to multiply Seeds, cuttings, grafting scion wood, budding wood, tissue culture are examples of what? - ANS-Propagule What is considered good timing when pruning? - ANS--Find recommendations for your species -Avoid times of high sap flow -Avoid peak disease pressure times -Prune spring-flowering plants after they flower True or False: You should avoid heading for plant control whenever possible - ANS- True True or False: You should make V shaped hedges not A shaped hedges - ANS-False What does pinching do? - ANS-Makes sprays or fuller plants This type of pruning makes standard flowers or upright hydroponic plants - ANS-Disbudding What does the propagation method depend on? - ANS-Ease Efficiency Economics Technology True or False: Uniformity is essential in horticulture crops - ANS-True What is the first step of plant propagation? - ANS-If not done well, crop may never recover What is the most important thing when propagating a plant? - ANS-Sanitation sanitation sanitation! True or False: It doesn't matter if stock plants are clean or not - ANS-False
