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HOSA Behavioral Health Knowledge (Verified)
1. Central Nervous system (CNS)
: includes the brain and spinal cord
2. Brainstem
: contains midbrain, medulla, and pons
3. medulla
: controls vital body functions ex: heart rate, breathing
4. pons
: control the management of sleep, arousal, facial expression
5. cerebellum
: maintaining balance and motor coordination
6. cerebellum
: contains more neurons than the rest of the brain
7. midbrain
: controls sensory reflexes, movement, pain
8. reticular formation
: controls mood, arousal, sleep; major source of serotonin and norepinephrine
13. cingulate cortex
: directs ANS; plays role in decision making, emotion, antici- pation of reward, empathy
14. amygdala
: fear and aggression
15. nucleus accumbens
: reward and pleasure
16. corpus callosum: connects hemispheres
17. cerebral cortex: thin layer of gray matter covering cerebral hemispheres
18. frontal lobe: primary motor cortex and areas responsible for most complex cognitive processes
19. Broca's area: speech production in left hemisphere
20. prefrontal cortex: planning behavior, attention, and judgement
21. orbitofrontal cortex: emotion, impulse control
22. occipital lobe: primary visual cortex
23. temporal lobe: primary auditory cortex
24. parietal lobe: primary somatosensory cortex (involved in neglect syndrome)
36. glial cells: provide structural matrix, clean up debris, form blood-brain barrier
37. myelin: insulating material covering axons; increase conduction
38. glial cells: cells that form scar tissue in the brain and spinal cord
39. young adulthood: The prefrontal cortex in myelinated in
40. action potential: electrical signal arising in a neurons axon
41. resting potential: electrical charge across membrane when neuron is not firing
42. action: The potential is initiated when the membrane is depolar- ized to threshold
43. synapse: point of communication between neurons
44. neurotransmitter: chemical messenger that communicates across a synapse
45. receptor: where neurotransmitter binds
46. reuptake: NT reabsorbed by neuron that released it
47. acetylcholine: NT involved in movement, memory, ANS function
48. epinephrine: NT involved in arousal
49. norepinephrine: NT involved in arousal and vigilance; released by SNS; dis- ruptions in PTSD and
bipolar disorder
50. dopamine: NT involved in movement, planning, and reward; receptors die in Parkinson's, overactive
in Schizophrenia
51. serotonin: NT involved in mood, appetite, sleep; associated with depression
52. endorphins: pain; opioid drugs mimic endorphins
53. glutamate: excitation of brain activity
54. GABA: inhibition of brain activity
55. anxiety: disorders are the most common mental disorders
56. serious mental illness: Occurs at any time during the last year having a diagnosable, mental,
behavioral, or emotional disorder that causes functional impairment that interferes with at least one major life event
57. serious mental disturbance (SED): Occurs in children who have been diag- nosed with a mental,
behavioral, or emotional disorder
58. autism spectrum disorder: Is characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication
skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior
67. sources of causality: strong genetic vulnerability (50% concordance rate in twins); environmental
factors (birth month, stress)
68. Dopamine: abnormalities in what neurotransmitter, are associated with schiz- ophrenia?
69. enlarged ventricles: abnormalities in what brain area is associated with schiz- ophrenia?
70. bipolar disorder: mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression
71. 2.6: % of the adult population is affected by bipolar disorder
72. female: what gender that is most affected by bipolar disorder?
73. 70: concordance rates for bipolar disorder in twins is as high as %
74. major depressive disorder (MDD): characterized by lengthy periods of de- pressed mood, loss of
pleasure in normal activities, disturbances in sleep and appetite, difficulty concentrating, feelings of hopelessness, and possible thoughts of suicide
75. major depressive disorder (MDD): In order to be diagnosed with
at least 5 symptoms and one must be depressed mood or anhe- donia (lack of interest in activities that previously provided pleasure)
76. anhedonia: lack of interest in activities that previously provided pleasure
77. 7: % of the population is affected by MDD
78. females: are the most affected gender affected by MDD
79. cognitive: explanation for depression: result of a combination of negative
thoughts about the self, the world, and the future
80. learning: explanation for depression: reduction in positive en- forcement or
increase in negative outcomes
81. social: explanation for depression: feelings of sadness and loneliness
82. biological: explanation for depression: heritability is 40%; cer- tain genes
affecting serotonin levels
83. diathesis-stress model: suggests that biological vulnerabilities for a disorder interact with a person's
experience of stress
84. anxiety: is a disorder that is not proportional to a person's circum- stances
intimacy
98. alcohol use disorder: diagnostic criteria: problems controlling intake, contin- ued use despite
problems, developed tolerance, risky behavior caused by drinking; 17 million alcohol users have alcohol use disorder
99. 88,000: there are deaths in a year caused by excessive alcohol
100. marijuana: most used drug
101. amphetamines, methanphetamines, and cocaine: are the most commonly abused stimulants
102. 1.9: million people abuse opiods
103. psychotherapy: treatment designed to improve symptoms of psychological disorder through
conversation between the therapist and client
104. counseling: a focus on personal strengths and development
105. evidence based practice: combines research evidence, clinical expertise, and individual values to
provide the best outcome for a patient
106. behavior therapy: applications of classical and operant conditioning prin- ciples to the treatment
of symptoms of psychological disorder and adjustment problems
107. cognitive behavioral therapy: combination of cognitive restructuring with behavioral treatments
that has been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms of many psychological therapy
108. biopsychosocial approach: combines treatments addressing biological, personal, and social
underpinnings of psychological disorders
109. most commonly used medical therapy?: medications
110. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): seizures are induced in an anesthetized patient; used to treat
mood disorders that have not responded to medication
111. psychosurgery: attempt to improve symptoms of psychological disorders through the use of
brain surgery
112. deep brain stimulation: electrical stimulation applied through surgically im- planted electrodes that
is used to treat some anxiety and mood disorders
113. autism spectrum disorder: treatment for includes: ABA thera- pies
to help with socially important behaviors
114. ADHD: treatment for includes: ritalin and other stimulants and behavioral
therapies
115. schizophrenia: treatment for includes: phenothiazines (med- ication)
reduce psychotic symptoms; don't affect negative symptoms and don't work in 1/4 of schizophrenia
122. health, home, purpose, community: the 4 major dimensions of recovery are:
123. hope: the foundation of recovery
124. continuum of care: promotion, prevention, treatment, recovery
125. promotion, prevention, treatment, recovery: the continuum of care are
126. biological and psychological: and factors
make people vulnerable to mental illness
127. individual level protective factors: are positive self image, self control, social competence
128. positive self image, self control, social competence: are the individual level protective factors
129. prevention approaches: help individuals develop knowledge, attitudes, and skills they need to make
good choices or change harmful behaviors
130. behavioral health: definition: is the promotion of mental
health, resilience, and well-being, prevention and treatment of mental and substance abuse disorders, support during recovery
131. chronic health conditions: people with mental illness are more likely to have
132. 8 years: people with mental illness die on an average of how many years earlier?
133. social factors related to early mortality: poverty, social isolation, lack of access to quality
healthcare
134. poverty, social isolation, lack of access to quality healthcare: social factors related to early
mortality are
135. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: act where mental illness and substance abuse fall
under the 10 essential health benefits that most plans must cover
136. Mental Health Parity and Addition Equality Act (MHPAEA): act where deductibles, copays, out of
pocket maximums, treatment limitations can be no more restrictive than requirements for other medical care
137. 2 major roots of psychology: philosophy and natural sciences
138. philosophy and natural sciences: the 2 major roots of psychology
139. trepanation: ancient practice of drilling holes in the skull
152. social psych: effects of social environment on behavior
153. developmental psych: normal changes in behavior over the lifespan
154. clinical psych: explain, define, treat abnormal behavior
155. Phrenology: Popular theory that claimed bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities or
character traits
156. Biological psychology: Branch of psychology that links biology and behav- ior
157. Neuron: Nerve cell
158. Sensory neurons: Neurons that cary incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain or
spinal cord
159. Motor neurons: Neurons that Carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the
muscles and glands
160. Interneurons: Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate with each other and
regulate sensory and motor inputs
161. Dendrite: Branches that extend from the nerve cell body. Which receive messages and
conduct impulses toward the body
162. Axon: Extension of the neuron that has fibers on the end that passes infor- mation to other neurons
or muscles
163. Myelin sheath: The layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of neurons in segments and
increases the transmission speed of impulses
164. Action potential: Neural impulse, brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
165. Threshold: The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse. Comes from the level
of excitatory signals minus inhibitory signals
166. Synapse: The junction between the axon of the relaying neuron and the dendrite of the receiving
neuron. This is also known as the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft
167. Neurotransmitter: Chemical messenger that crosses the synaptic gap be- tween neurons, binding to
receptor sites on the dendrites of the recording neuron
168. Endorphins: "Morphine within" a natural opiate like neurotransmitter that is linked to pain control
and pleasure
169. Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning, and memory
