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Hosa Biomedical Laboratory Test (Verified)
1. Antibodies
: proteins developed by the immune system that recognize specific molecules (antigens)
2. Applied science
: the practice of utilizing scientific knowledge for practical pur- poses, including the manufacture of a product
3. Bioethics
: the study of decision-making as it applies to moral decisions that have to be made because of advances in biology, medicine, and technology
4. Biotechnology
: the study and manipulation of living things or their component molecules, cells, tissues, or organs
5. CDC
: abbreviation for Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; national research center for developing and applying disease prevention and control, envi- ronmental health, and health promotion and education activities to improve public health
6. Control
: experimental trial added to an experiment to ensure that the experi- ment was run properly; see positive control and negative control
7. Cystic fibrosis (CF)
: genetic disorder that clogs the respiratory and digestive systems with mucus
13. Hypothesis: an educated guess to answer a scientific question; should be testable
14. Molecular biology: the study of molecules that are found in cells
15. Moral: a conviction or justifiable position, having to do with whether something is considered right or
wrong
16. Negative control: a group of data lacking what is being tested so as to give expected negative
results
17. NIH: abbreviation for National Institutes of Health; the federal agency that funds and conducts
biomedical research
18. Pharmaceutical: relating to drugs developed for medical use
19. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): a technique that involves copying short pieces of DNA and then
making millions of copies in a short time
20. Positive control: a group of data that will give predictable positive results
21. Proteases: proteins whose function is to break down other proteins
22. Pure science: scientific research whose main purpose is to enrich the scien- tific knowledge base
23. Reagent: chemical used in an experiment
24. Recombinant DNA (rDNA): DNA created by combining DNA from two or more sources
25. Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology: cutting and recombining DNA mole- cules
26. Research and development (R&D): refers to the early stages in product development that
include discovery of the structure and function of a potential product and initial small-scale production
27. Therapeutic: an agent that is used to treat diseases or disorders
28. t-PA: short for tissue plasminogen activator; one of the first genetically engi- neered products to be
sold; a naturally occurring enzyme that breaks down blood clots and clears blocked blood vessels
29. USDA: abbreviation for United States Department of Agriculture; the federal agency that regulates the
use and production of plants, plant products, plant pests, veterinary supplies and medications, and genetically modified plants and animals
34. Clinical trials: A strict series of tests that evaluates the effectiveness and safety of a medical
treatment
35. Cloning: Method of asexual reproduction that produces identical organisms
36. Concentration: The amount of a substance as a proportion of another sub- stance
37. Cystic Fibrosis: Genetic disorder that clogs the respiratory and digestive system with mucus
38. Data: Information gathered by documentation
39. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): A double stranded helical molecule that stores genetic information for
the production of proteins
40. Diabetes: A disorder affecting the uptake of sugar by cells due to inadequate insulin production or
ineffective use of insulin
41. E.coli: A rod-shaped bacterium native to the intestines of mammals; commonly used in genetics
researched and by biotechnology companies for the development of products
42. Efficacy: The ability to yield a desired result or demonstrate that a product does what it claims to
do
43. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): The federal agency that enforces environmental laws
44. Ethics: The study of moral standards and how they affect conduct
45. Fermentation: A process by which, in an oxygen deprived environment, a cell converts sugar into
lactic acid or ethanol
46. Food and Drug Administration (FDA): The federal agency that regulates the use and production of
food, feed, food additives, veterinary drugs, human drugs, and medical devices
47. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO): An organism produced by genetic engineering that contains
DNA from another organism and produces new proteins encoded on the acquire DNA
48. Genetics: The study of genes and how they are inherited and expressed
49. Genome: One entire set if an organism's genetic material
50. Microbial agents: Synonym for microorganisms; living things too small to be seen without he aid of a
microscope, includes bacteria, most algae, and many fungi
67. Protist: An organism belonging to the Kingdom Protista, which includes pro- tozoans, slime molds,
and certain algae.
68. Organelles: Specialized microscopic factories, each with specific jobs in the cell.
69. Mitochondria: The membrane-bound organelles that are responsible for gen- erating cellular energy.
70. Sugar: A simple carbohydrate molecule composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen.
71. Starch: A polysaccharide that is composed of many glucose molecules.
72. Nucleic acids: A class of macromolecules that directs the synthesis of all other cellular molecules;
often referred to as "information-carrying molecules."
73. Lipids: One of the four macromolecules; includes fats, waxes, steroids, and oils.
74. Pancreas: An organ that secretes digestive fluids, as well as insulin.
75. Hormone: A molecule that acts to regulate cellular functions.
76. Chlorophyll: The green-pigmented molecules found in plant cells; used for photosynthesis.
77. Photosynthesis: A process by which plants or algae use light energy to make chemical energy.
78. Chloroplast: The specialized organelles in plants responsible for photosynthe- sis.
79. Cytoplasm: A gel-like fluid of thousands of molecules suspended in water, outside the nucleus.
80. Lysosome: A membrane-bound organelle that is responsible for the break- down of cellular waste.
81. Ribosome: The organelle in a cell where proteins are made.
82. Cell wall: A specialized organelle surrounding the cells of plants, bacteria, and some fungi; gives
support around the outer boundary of the cell.
83. Cellulose: A structural polysaccharide that is found in plant cell walls.
84. Plasma membrane: A specialized organelle of the cell that regulates the movement of materials
into and out of the cell.
85. Glucose: A 6-carbon sugar that is produced during photosynthetic reactions; usual form of
carbohydrate used by animals, including humans.
86. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): A nucleotide that serves as an energy storing molecule.
87. Chromosomes: The long strands of DNA intertwined with protein molecules.
88. Enzyme: A protein that functions to speed up chemical reactions.
92. Polypeptide: A strand of amino acids connected to each other through peptide bonds.
93. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells: An animal cell line commonly used in biotechnology studies.
94. Vero cells: African green monkey kidney epithelial cells.
95. HeLa cells: Human epithelial cells.
96. Prokaryote: A cell that lacks membrane-bound organelles.
97. Aerobic respiration: Utilizing oxygen to release the energy from sugar mole- cules.
98. Anaerobic respiration: Releasing the energy from sugar molecules in the absence of oxygen.
99. Macromolecule: A large molecule usually composed of smaller repeating units chained together.
100. Organic: Molecules that contain carbon and are only produced in living things.
101. Carbohydrates: One of the four classes of macromolecules; organic com- pounds consisting of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, generally in a 1:2:1 ratio.
102. Cytoskeleton: A protein network in the cytoplasm that gives the cell structural support.
103. Monomers: The repeating units that make up polymers.
104. Polymer: A large molecule made up of many repeating subunits.
105. Monosaccharide: The monomer unit that cells use to build polysaccharides; also known as a "single
sugar" or "simple sugar."
106. Disaccharide: A polymer that consists of two sugar molecules.
107. Polysaccharide: A long polymer composed of many simple sugar monomers (usually glucose or a
variation of glucose).
108. Fructose: A 6-carbon sugar found in high concentration in fruits; also called fruit sugar.
109. Sucrose: A disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose; also called table sugar.
110. Lactose: A disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose; also called milk sugar.
111. Amylose: A plant starch with unbranched glucose chains.
disease
128. Bloodborne: Capable of being transported in blood
129. CLIA: Clinical laboratory improvement amendments
130. Communicable: Able to be transmitted by contact
131. Disinfection: The destruction of pathogenic microorganisms by direct expo- sure to chemicals or
heat
132. Droplet infection: An infection acquired by inhaling droplets of saliva or sputum containing
viruses
133. Fecal: Relation to feces(intestinal ways)
134. Flora: Plant life adapted for living in a specific environment
135. Fungi: Cellular organisms that subsist on organic matter
136. Hygiene: The study of health and observance of health rules
137. Incubation: The interval between exposure to infection and the appearance of the first symptom
138. Invasive: Diagnostic and treatment procedures involving entry into living tissue
139. Malaise: A feeling of discomfort or uneasiness
140. Microorganism: A microscopic organism
141. Nits: The eggs of a louse or other parasitic infection
142. OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administrations
143. Parasites: An organism that lives on another organism without rendering it any service in return
144. Pathogens: Viruses and microorganisms that are capable or causing disease
145. PPE: Personal protective equipment
146. Pruritic: Itching
147. Pustular: A small collection of pus on top layer of skin or beneath
148. Rickettsiae: Any shaped bacteria intracellular parasites or arthropods
149. Resuscitation: Revival from potential or apparent death
150. Sanitization: Washing and scrubbing to remove contaminations
151. Seizures: Sudden attacks of pain and disease
olypeptide
s
161. antiparallel: (adj.) two lines that run parallel, but in opposite directions
162. nucleic acid: any organic macromolecule which is made of nucleotides
163. hydrogen bond: a type of bond which is very weak, but strong when there are many; holds
together the two strands of DNA
164. base: A, T, C, G are examples of these molecules which form the 'rungs' of the DNA ladder
165. adenine: the base that always pairs with T
166. thymine: the base that always pairs with adenine
167. cytosine: the base that always pairs with guanine
168. guanine: the base that always pairs with cytosine
169. complementary: (adj) matching; pairing with
170. uracil: the base which pairs with adenine in RNA
171. polymerase: the enzyme which puts together nucleotides to make a nucleic acid polymer
172. protein: An organic compound composed of one or chains of p which in turn are
formed from amino acids
173. amino acid: Building blocks of protein
174. peptide bond: bond between amino acids
175. substrate: The reactant on which an enzyme works.
176. activation energy: Energy needed to get a reaction started
