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HOSPI FINALLY ARIEL EXAM LATEST UPDATES - 2025/2026-
ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY
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High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters The air is filtered through (?) that removes 99.97% of all particles larger than 0. um in size Good aseptic technique is essential to maximize the benefits of a laminar airflow hood breezes (kasama pa ba to HAHAHA) such as from an open door or window or sudden hand movements within the hood, also can disrupt the airflow Aseptic technique involves the preparation and handling of sterile products in a way that prevents contamination by micro organism
Contamination can occur from the environment in which the product is prepared, as well as from the person preparing it laminar airflow hood are very effective at providing a clean area Provide filtered air that flows through the hood in straight parallel lines Intravenous infusions sterile, aqueous preparations administered intravenously in relatively large volumes They are used to extend the blood volume and or provide electrolytes, nutrients or medications Intravenous infusion are widely employed in emergency care units in hospitals and other patient care institutions and in-home care Solutions Most intravenous infusions are
Iv push The rapid infusion of a medication into a vein is termed (?) and is usually conducted in less than a minute. Small volume parenterals IV solutions are classified as a (?), are usually 100 ML or less and are primarily used as a vehicle for delivering medications Large Volume Parenteral (LVP) is a solution of 100 ML or more and are primarily used to provide fluid electrolytes and or nutrients to the patient IV push involves the injection of a relatively small volume of a drug by means of a needle and syringe bolus IV push is sometimes referred to as, maybe administered directly into a vein or into the tubing of a running IV solution Infusion
intravenous administration of a large amount of fluid over a prolonged time period. May be used the supply the patient with fluid and nutrients as well as medication Piggyback medication in small amount of liquids are infused into the tubing of a running IV solution. Is contained in a mini bag or bottle and it typically infuse over a period of 30 to 60 minutes parenteral nutrition or hyperalimentation is feeding of a patient by the intravenous infusion of basic nutrients needed to achieve active issue synthesis and growth Partial Parenteral Nutrition (PPN) Is a support that supplements, oral intake, and provides only part of a daily nutrition requirements total parenteral nutrition (TPN) Provide all of the patients daily nutritional requirements
nutrition team in most hospitals where tpn is supplied, there will be a (?( nutrition nurse can also be responsible for training patients for hpn biochemist can supply results of daily or weekly analysis of patients urine and electrolytes levels and alterations can then be made to the tpn formulation if required protein requirements vary from one patient to another and highly dependent on the metabolic status of the patient carbohydrates and fats are chosen to provide optimal energy sources for tpn patients dextrose
the carbohydrates of choice is normally (?) and is available in solution with concentrations ranging from 5 to 7% w/v fat emulsions are isotonic with plasma have neutral ph and provide a high calorie source and in a low volume fat emulsions provide the patient with essential fatty acids and also act as a vehicle for soluble vitamins which may be required in the tpn formulation 20 kcal/500mL Dextrose 5% provides trace elements act as a metabolic cofactors and are said to be essential for the proper functioning of several enzyme systems in the body they are only required in very small quantities expressed in micrograms
chromium is important in glucose and potentiates the effect of insulin Molybdenum essential to xanthine oxidase vitamins and minerals are normally included in foods taken in orally and must therefore be included in tpn formulations for patient on long term parental nutrition they are required for several body processes and act as essential coenzymes in carbohydrates metabolism and amino acid and dna synthesis vitamin A has essential function in vision growth and reproduction Vitamin D conjunction with parathormone and calcitonin. it helps regulate calcium and phosphorus homeostasis vitamin e
function as an antioxidant inhibiting the oxidation of free unsaturated fatty acids vitamin k place an essential role in the synthesis of clotting factors Vitamin B1 (thiamine) functions as a coenzyme in the phosphogluconate pathway and as a structural component of nervous system membranes Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) function as a coenzyme in oxidative phosphorylation Vitamin B3 (Niacin) functions as a coenzyme in oxidative phosphorylation and biosynthetic pathways Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) is a coenzyme a, is essential to all acylation reactions Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
is the most important human nutrient required for tissues synthesis repair transport of body nutrients and waste and maintenance of immune function Rudman et al found that an optimal ratio of electrolytes per gram of nitrogen administered that promotes appropriate lean body mass replacing are phosphorus 0.8 g; potassium, 3mE; sodium 3.9mEq; chloride 2.5mEq; and Calcium 1.2mEq supplemental electrolytes are required when extraneous fluid losses occur from fistulas and or ostomis compounding can take place within a hospital pharmacy using aseptic dispensing facilities within a clean room laminar flow cabinet compounding of a tpn formulation is carried out under strict aseptic conditions using a (?) with a clean room facility Dry Method
the pharmacist adds the appropriate amount of anhydrous glucose to the fibrin hydrolysate solution kilocalorie (kcal) is the unit used in metabolic studies kilocalorie or large calories is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water from 00 C to 10C harris benedict equation which follows are commonly used to estimate the basal energy expenditure requirements for non-protein calories basal energy expenditure is also referred to as the rusting metabolic energy or the resting energy expenditure carbohydrates are the primary source of cellular energy intravenous admixture
1,1 to 1,5 g/kg for a moderately stressed patient 1.5-2 g/kg for a severely stress patient and those with the critical illness or trauma 3g/kg for a severely burned patient Lipids maybe used to provide energy when the body cannot obtain all the necessary energy requirement from carbohydrates lipids are generally administered in the form of an emulsions containing carbohydrates based emulsifying agent which also contribute to the caloric content enteral nutrition techniques
are useful in most patients with patent functioning gastrointestinal tracts enteral alimentations when compared to parenteral route, (?) offers the advantages of maintaining structural and functional integrity of the small intestine causing fewer side effects and minimizing cost enteral formula selection should involve consideration of viscosity osmolality lactose content caloric density and cost protein carbohydrates and fat the three main nutrient categories are mechanical generally relate to the central venous catheter or its placement and include pneumothorax catheter occlusion and venous thrombosis aspiration
hyperkalemia may require a formula change to a diluted calorically dense alternative close patient monitoring is always beneficial and should follow a schedule similar to the guidelines suggested for parenteral nutrition silver alert which some cities including new york use when there are missing seniors imminent danger due to severe cognitive impairments or urgent need of medical care code black indicates a bomb threat crash cart is the commonly used term to describe a self contained mobile unit that contains a virtually all of the materials drugs and devices necessary to perform a code
defibrillator and heart monitor many hospitals will also keep a (?) and (?) of the crash cart since this devices are also needed in most codes medications are usually kept in the top drawer of most crash cartz. these need to be accessed and delivered as quickly as possible in emergency situations Ringer's lactate soluton a crash cart in the surgery department may include epinephrine the cornerstone of emergency treatment during a code is considered a vasopressal and used to increase cardiac output by increasing heart rate heart muscle contractility and conductivity through the atrioventricular node Dr. North he explained that epinephrine is used every 3 to 5 minutes during a code
