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Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives
Introduction The rapid growth of industrialization in the United States of the 1880s created an intense need for labor. The flood of tens of thousands of people— of them immigrants— northeastern cities created a housing problem of major proportions. Landlords, rushing to realize quick profits, persisted in subdividing their apartments into ever smaller units, forcing the poor into increasingly overcrowded living conditions.
In the late 1880s, Jacob Riis, himself a Danish immigrant, began writing articles for the New York Sun that described the realities of life in New York City's slums. Riis was one of the first reporters to use flash photography, allowing him to take candid photos of living conditions among the urban poor. In 1890, he published How the Other Half Lives, illustrated with line drawings based on his photographs. Riis's work helped spark a new approach to reporting called "muckraking" that eventually led to the Progressive Era reform movements to improve these conditions. Here is an excerpt from Riis's book.
How the Other Half Lives The twenty-five cent lodging-house keeps up the pretence of a bedroom, though the head-high partition enclosing a space just large enough to hold a cot and a chair and allow the man room to pull off his clothes is the shallowest of all pretences. The fifteen-cent bed stands boldly forth without screen in a room full of bunks with sheets as yellow and blankets as foul. At the ten-cent level the locker for the sleeper's clothes disappears. There is no longer need of it. The tramp limit is reached, and there is nothing to lock up save, on general principles, the lodger. Usually the ten- and seven-cent lodgings are different grades of the same abomination. Some sort of an apology for a bed, with mattress and blanket, represents the aristocratic purchase of the tramp who, by a lucky stroke of beggary, has exchanged the chance of an empty box or ash-barrel for shelter on the quality floor of one of these "hotels." A strip of canvas, strung between rough timbers, without covering of any kind, does for the couch of the seven-cent lodger who prefers the questionable comfort of a red-hot stove close to his elbow to the revelry of the stale-beer dive. It is not the most secure perch in the world. Uneasy sleepers roll off at intervals, but they have not far to fall to the next tier of bunks, and the commotion that ensues is speedily quieted by the boss and his club. On cold winter nights, when every bunk had its tenant, I have stood in such a lodging-room more than once, and listening to the snoring of the sleepers like the regular strokes of an engine, and the slow creaking of the beams under their restless weight, imagined myself on shipboard and experienced the very real nausea of sea-sickness. The one thing that did not favor the deception was the air; its character could not be mistaken.
The proprietor of one of these seven-cent houses was known to me as a man of reputed wealth and respectability. He "ran" three such establishments and made, it was said, $8,000 a year clear profit on his investment. He lived in a handsome house quite near to the stylish precincts of Murray Hill, where the nature of his occupation was not suspected. A notice that was posted on the wall of the lodgers' room suggested at least an effort to maintain his up-town standing in the slums. It read: "No swearing or loud talking after nine o'clock." Before nine no exceptions were taken to the natural vulgarity of the place; but that was the limit.
There are no licensed lodging-houses known to me which charge less than seven cents for even such a bed as this canvas strip, though there are unlicensed ones enough where one may sleep on the floor for five cents a spot, or squat in a sheltered hallway for three. The police station lodging-house, where the soft side of a plank is the regulation couch, is next in order. The manner in which this police bed is "made up" is interesting in its simplicity. The loose planks that make the platform are simply turned over, and the job is done, with an occasional coat of whitewash thrown in to sweeten things. I know of only one easier way, but, so far as I am informed, it has never been introduced in this country. It used to be practised, if report spoke truly, in certain old-country towns. The "bed" was represented by clothes-line stretched across the room upon which the sleepers hung by the arm-pits for a penny a night. In the morning the boss woke them up by simply untying the line at one end and letting it go with its load; a labor-saving device certainly, and highly successful in attaining the desired end....
... If the tenement is here continually dragged into the eye of public condemnation and scorn, it is because in one way or another it is found directly responsible for, or intimately associated with, three-fourths of the miseries of the poor. In the Bohemian quarter it is made the vehicle for enforcing upon a proud race a slavery as real as any that ever disgraced the South. Not content with simply robbing the tenant, the owner, in the dual capacity of landlord and employer, reduces him to virtual serfdom by making him become his tenant, on such terms as he sees fit to make, the condition of employment at wages likewise of his own making. It does not help the case that this landlord employer, almost always a Jew, is frequently of the thrifty Polish race just described.... ... Probably more than half of all the Bohemians in this city are cigarmakers, and it is the herding of these in great numbers in the so- called tenement factories, where the cheapest grade of work is done at the lowest wages, that constitutes at once their greatest hardship and the chief grudge of other workmen against them....
Answer Key
Men, women and children work together seven days in the week in these cheerless tenements to make a living for the family, from the break of day till far into the night. Often the wife is the original cigarmaker from the old home, the husband having adopted her trade here as a matter of necessity, because, knowing no word of English, he could get no other work. As they state the cause of the bitter hostility of the trades unions, she was the primary bone of contention in the day of the early Bohemian immigration. The unions refused to admit the women, and, as the support of the family depended upon her to a large extent, such terms as were offered had to be accepted. The manufacturer has ever since industriously fanned the antagonism between the unions and his hands, for his own advantage. The victory rests with him, since the Court of Appeals decided that the law, passed a few years ago, to prohibit cigarmaking in tenements was unconstitutional, and thus put an end to the struggle....
... I have in mind an alley— inlet rather to a row of rear tenements— is either two or four feet wide according as the wall of the crazy old building that gives on it bulges out or in. I tried to count the children that swarmed there, but could not. Sometimes I have doubted that anybody knows just how many there are about. Bodies of drowned children turn up in the rivers right along in summer whom no one seems to know anything about. When last spring some workmen, while moving a pile of lumber on a North River pier, found under the last plank the body of a little lad crushed to death, no one had missed a boy, though his parents afterward turned up. The truant officer assuredly does not know, though he spends his life trying to find out, somewhat illogically, perhaps, since the department that employs him admits that thousands of poor children are crowded out of the schools year by year for want of room....
Questions to Answer: 1.) Explain some of the conditions described in this excerpt from How the Other Half Lives.
The bunk beds inside of the tenement apartment being described are not very stable and the room designated as a bedroom is nothing like the concept we have as a ‘bedroom’ today. The bedroom is small, crowded, has a distinct unpleasant odor and is not very sanitary.
2.) What point do you think Riis was trying to make when he chose the title for his book?
Riis wanted to bring to the American public’s attention that there is a large portion of our population living in these very unpleasant conditions and that we as Americans should not stand for this and that we should help the urban poor.
3.) Why did the poor agree to live in such conditions?
Many of them have just arrived in the U.S. and these living arrangements and conditions are all that they can afford.
4.) Why did city government officials allow these conditions to continue?
At this time American cities are entirely new and many city governments could not keep track or keep up with the rapid population growth occurring at this time.
5.) Do similar conditions exist today? Why or why not?
Yes, many people live in poverty in America even to this day and many other people live in small, crowded, and cheap affordable housing in order to make ends meet.
Choice Strategy
Men, women and children work together seven days in the week in these cheerless tenements to make a living for the family, from the break of day till far into the night. Often the wife is the original cigarmaker from the old home, the husband having adopted her trade here as a matter of necessity, because, knowing no word of English, he could get no other work. As they state the cause of the bitter hostility of the trades unions, she was the primary bone of contention in the day of the early Bohemian immigration. The unions refused to admit the women, and, as the support of the family depended upon her to a large extent, such terms as were offered had to be accepted. The manufacturer has ever since industriously fanned the antagonism between the unions and his hands, for his own advantage. The victory rests with him, since the Court of Appeals decided that the law, passed a few years ago, to prohibit cigarmaking in tenements was unconstitutional, and thus put an end to the struggle....
... I have in mind an alley— inlet rather to a row of rear tenements— is either two or four feet wide according as the wall of the crazy old building that gives on it bulges out or in. I tried to count the children that swarmed there, but could not. Sometimes I have doubted that anybody knows just how many there are about. Bodies of drowned children turn up in the rivers right along in summer whom no one seems to know anything about. When last spring some workmen, while moving a pile of lumber on a North River pier, found under the last plank the body of a little lad crushed to death, no one had missed a boy, though his parents afterward turned up. The truant officer assuredly does not know, though he spends his life trying to find out, somewhat illogically, perhaps, since the department that employs him admits that thousands of poor children are crowded out of the schools year by year for want of room....
DO YOU AGREE WITH THE ANSWER TO EACH QUESTION?
1.) Explain some of the conditions described in this excerpt from How the Other Half Lives. The bunk beds inside of the tenement apartment being described are not very stable and the room designated as a bedroom is nothing like the concept we have as a ‘bedroom’ today. The bedroom is ____________, has a distinct unpleasant odor and is not very sanitary.
A)small and crowded B)large and roomy
2.) What point do you think Riis was trying to make when he chose the title for his book? Riis wanted to bring to the American public’s attention that there is a large portion of our population living in these very unpleasant conditions and that we as Americans should not stand for this and that we should help the ___________________.
A) rural poor B) urban poor
3.) Why did the poor agree to live in such conditions? Many of them have just arrived in the _______ and these living arrangements and conditions are all that they can afford.
A)U.S.
B)England
4.) Why did city government officials allow these conditions to continue? At this time American cities are entirely new and many city governments __________ keep track or keep up with the rapid population growth occurring at this time.
A) could not B) could
5.) Do similar conditions exist today? _____, many people live in poverty in America even to this day and many other people live in small, crowded, and cheap affordable housing in order to make ends meet.
A) Yes B) No
Closed Strategy
Name: _________________
Hour: _________________
Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives
Introduction The rapid growth of industrialization in the United States of the 1880s created an intense need for labor. The flood of tens of thousands of people— of them immigrants— northeastern cities created a housing problem of major proportions. Landlords, rushing to realize quick profits, persisted in subdividing their apartments into ever smaller units, forcing the poor into increasingly overcrowded living conditions.
In the late 1880s, Jacob Riis, himself a Danish immigrant, began writing articles for the New York Sun that described the realities of life in New York City's slums. Riis was one of the first reporters to use flash photography, allowing him to take candid photos of living conditions among the urban poor. In 1890, he published How the Other Half Lives, illustrated with line drawings based on his photographs. Riis's work helped spark a new approach to reporting called "muckraking" that eventually led to the Progressive Era reform movements to improve these conditions. Here is an excerpt from Riis's book.
How the Other Half Lives The twenty-five cent lodging-house keeps up the pretence of a bedroom, though the head-high partition enclosing a space just large enough to hold a cot and a chair and allow the man room to pull off his clothes is the shallowest of all pretences. The fifteen-cent bed stands boldly forth without screen in a room full of bunks with sheets as yellow and blankets as foul. At the ten-cent level the locker for the sleeper's clothes disappears. There is no longer need of it. The tramp limit is reached, and there is nothing to lock up save, on general principles, the lodger. Usually the ten- and seven-cent lodgings are different grades of the same abomination. Some sort of an apology for a bed, with mattress and blanket, represents the aristocratic purchase of the tramp who, by a lucky stroke of beggary, has exchanged the chance of an empty box or ash-barrel for shelter on the quality floor of one of these "hotels." A strip of canvas, strung between rough timbers, without covering of any kind, does for the couch of the seven-cent lodger who prefers the questionable comfort of a red-hot stove close to his elbow to the revelry of the stale-beer dive. It is not the most secure perch in the world. Uneasy sleepers roll off at intervals, but they have not far to fall to the next tier of bunks, and the commotion that ensues is speedily quieted by the boss and his club. On cold winter nights, when every bunk had its tenant, I have stood in such a lodging-room more than once, and listening to the snoring of the sleepers like the regular strokes of an engine, and the slow creaking of the beams under their restless weight, imagined myself on shipboard and experienced the very real nausea of sea-sickness. The one thing that did not favor the deception was the air; its character could not be mistaken.
The proprietor of one of these seven-cent houses was known to me as a man of reputed wealth and respectability. He "ran" three such establishments and made, it was said, $8,000 a year clear profit on his investment. He lived in a handsome house quite near to the stylish precincts of Murray Hill, where the nature of his occupation was not suspected. A notice that was posted on the wall of the lodgers' room suggested at least an effort to maintain his up-town standing in the slums. It read: "No swearing or loud talking after nine o'clock." Before nine no exceptions were taken to the natural vulgarity of the place; but that was the limit.
There are no licensed lodging-houses known to me which charge less than seven cents for even such a bed as this canvas strip, though there are unlicensed ones enough where one may sleep on the floor for five cents a spot, or squat in a sheltered hallway for three. The police station lodging-house, where the soft side of a plank is the regulation couch, is next in order. The manner in which this police bed is "made up" is interesting in its simplicity. The loose planks that make the platform are simply turned over, and the job is done, with an occasional coat of whitewash thrown in to sweeten things. I know of only one easier way, but, so far as I am informed, it has never been introduced in this country. It used to be practised, if report spoke truly, in certain old-country towns. The "bed" was represented by clothes-line stretched across the room upon which the sleepers hung by the arm-pits for a penny a night. In the morning the boss woke them up by simply untying the line at one end and letting it go with its load; a labor-saving device certainly, and highly successful in attaining the desired end....
... If the tenement is here continually dragged into the eye of public condemnation and scorn, it is because in one way or another it is found directly responsible for, or intimately associated with, three-fourths of the miseries of the poor. In the Bohemian quarter it is made the vehicle for enforcing upon a proud race a slavery as real as any that ever disgraced the South. Not content with simply robbing the tenant, the owner, in the dual capacity of landlord and employer, reduces him to virtual serfdom by making him become his tenant, on such terms as he sees fit to make, the condition of employment at wages likewise of his own making. It does not help the case that this landlord employer, almost always a Jew, is frequently of the thrifty Polish race just described.... ... Probably more than half of all the Bohemians in this city are cigarmakers, and it is the herding of these in great numbers in the so- called tenement factories, where the cheapest grade of work is done at the lowest wages, that constitutes at once their greatest hardship and the chief grudge of other workmen against them....
Open Ended
Name: _________________
Hour: _________________
Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives
Introduction The rapid growth of industrialization in the United States of the 1880s created an intense need for labor. The flood of tens of thousands of people— of them immigrants— northeastern cities created a housing problem of major proportions. Landlords, rushing to realize quick profits, persisted in subdividing their apartments into ever smaller units, forcing the poor into increasingly overcrowded living conditions.
In the late 1880s, Jacob Riis, himself a Danish immigrant, began writing articles for the New York Sun that described the realities of life in New York City's slums. Riis was one of the first reporters to use flash photography, allowing him to take candid photos of living conditions among the urban poor. In 1890, he published How the Other Half Lives, illustrated with line drawings based on his photographs. Riis's work helped spark a new approach to reporting called "muckraking" that eventually led to the Progressive Era reform movements to improve these conditions. Here is an excerpt from Riis's book.
How the Other Half Lives
The twenty-five cent lodging-house keeps up the pretence of a bedroom, though the head-high partition enclosing a space
just large enough to hold a cot and a chair and allow the man room to pull off his clothes is the shallowest of all pretences.
The fifteen-cent bed stands boldly forth without screen in a room full of bunks with sheets as yellow and blankets as foul.
At the ten-cent level the locker for the sleeper's clothes disappears. There is no longer need of it. The tramp limit is
reached, and there is nothing to lock up save, on general principles, the lodger. Usually the ten- and seven-cent lodgings
are different grades of the same abomination. Some sort of an apology for a bed, with mattress and blanket, represents the
aristocratic purchase of the tramp who, by a lucky stroke of beggary, has exchanged the chance of an empty box or ash-
barrel for shelter on the quality floor of one of these "hotels." A strip of canvas, strung between rough timbers, without
covering of any kind, does for the couch of the seven-cent lodger who prefers the questionable comfort of a red-hot stove
close to his elbow to the revelry of the stale-beer dive. It is not the most secure perch in the world. Uneasy sleepers roll off
at intervals, but they have not far to fall to the next tier of bunks, and the commotion that ensues is speedily quieted by the
boss and his club. On cold winter nights, when every bunk had its tenant, I have stood in such a lodging-room more than
once, and listening to the snoring of the sleepers like the regular strokes of an engine, and the slow creaking of the beams
under their restless weight, imagined myself on shipboard and experienced the very real nausea of sea-sickness. The one
thing that did not favor the deception was the air; its character could not be mistaken.
The proprietor of one of these seven-cent houses was known to me as a man of reputed wealth and respectability. He "ran"
three such establishments and made, it was said, $8,000 a year clear profit on his investment. He lived in a handsome
house quite near to the stylish precincts of Murray Hill, where the nature of his occupation was not suspected. A notice
that was posted on the wall of the lodgers' room suggested at least an effort to maintain his up-town standing in the slums.
It read: "No swearing or loud talking after nine o'clock." Before nine no exceptions were taken to the natural vulgarity of
the place; but that was the limit.
There are no licensed lodging-houses known to me which charge less than seven cents for even such a bed as this canvas
strip, though there are unlicensed ones enough where one may sleep on the floor for five cents a spot, or squat in a
sheltered hallway for three. The police station lodging-house, where the soft side of a plank is the regulation couch, is next
in order. The manner in which this police bed is "made up" is interesting in its simplicity. The loose planks that make the
platform are simply turned over, and the job is done, with an occasional coat of whitewash thrown in to sweeten things. I
know of only one easier way, but, so far as I am informed, it has never been introduced in this country. It used to be
practised, if report spoke truly, in certain old-country towns. The "bed" was represented by clothes-line stretched across
the room upon which the sleepers hung by the arm-pits for a penny a night. In the morning the boss woke them up by
simply untying the line at one end and letting it go with its load; a labor-saving device certainly, and highly successful in
attaining the desired end....
... If the tenement is here continually dragged into the eye of public condemnation and scorn, it is because in one way or
another it is found directly responsible for, or intimately associated with, three-fourths of the miseries of the poor. In the
Bohemian quarter it is made the vehicle for enforcing upon a proud race a slavery as real as any that ever disgraced the
South. Not content with simply robbing the tenant, the owner, in the dual capacity of landlord and employer, reduces him
Open Ended
to virtual serfdom by making him become his tenant, on such terms as he sees fit to make, the condition of employment at
wages likewise of his own making. It does not help the case that this landlord employer, almost always a Jew, is
frequently of the thrifty Polish race just described....
... Probably more than half of all the Bohemians in this city are cigarmakers, and it is the herding of these in great
numbers in the so-called tenement factories, where the cheapest grade of work is done at the lowest wages, that constitutes
at once their greatest hardship and the chief grudge of other workmen against them....
Men, women and children work together seven days in the week in these cheerless tenements to make a living for the
family, from the break of day till far into the night. Often the wife is the original cigarmaker from the old home, the
husband having adopted her trade here as a matter of necessity, because, knowing no word of English, he could get no
other work. As they state the cause of the bitter hostility of the trades unions, she was the primary bone of contention in
the day of the early Bohemian immigration. The unions refused to admit the women, and, as the support of the family
depended upon her to a large extent, such terms as were offered had to be accepted. The manufacturer has ever since
industriously fanned the antagonism between the unions and his hands, for his own advantage. The victory rests with him,
since the Court of Appeals decided that the law, passed a few years ago, to prohibit cigarmaking in tenements was
unconstitutional, and thus put an end to the struggle....
... I have in mind an alley— inlet rather to a row of rear tenements— is either two or four feet wide according as the wall
of the crazy old building that gives on it bulges out or in. I tried to count the children that swarmed there, but could not.
Sometimes I have doubted that anybody knows just how many there are about. Bodies of drowned children turn up in the
rivers right along in summer whom no one seems to know anything about. When last spring some workmen, while
moving a pile of lumber on a North River pier, found under the last plank the body of a little lad crushed to death, no one
had missed a boy, though his parents afterward turned up. The truant officer assuredly does not know, though he spends
his life trying to find out, somewhat illogically, perhaps, since the department that employs him admits that thousands of
poor children are crowded out of the schools year by year for want of room....
Questions to Answer: 1.) Explain some of the conditions described in this excerpt from How the Other Half Lives.
2.) What point do you think Riis was trying to make when he chose the title for his book?
3.) Why did the poor agree to live in such conditions?
4.) Why did city government officials allow these conditions to continue?
5.) Do similar conditions exist today? Why or why not?
Visual Organization Strategy
Men, women and children work together seven days in the week in these cheerless tenements to make a living for the family, from the break of day till far into the night. Often the wife is the original cigarmaker from the old home, the husband having adopted her trade here as a matter of necessity, because, knowing no word of English, he could get no other work. As they state the cause of the bitter hostility of the trades unions, she was the primary bone of contention in the day of the early Bohemian immigration. The unions refused to admit the women, and, as the support of the family depended upon her to a large extent, such terms as were offered had to be accepted. The manufacturer has ever since industriously fanned the antagonism between the unions and his hands, for his own advantage. The victory rests with him, since the Court of Appeals decided that the law, passed a few years ago, to prohibit cigarmaking in tenements was unconstitutional, and thus put an end to the struggle....
... I have in mind an alley— inlet rather to a row of rear tenements— is either two or four feet wide according as the wall of the crazy old building that gives on it bulges out or in. I tried to count the children that swarmed there, but could not. Sometimes I have doubted that anybody knows just how many there are about. Bodies of drowned children turn up in the rivers right along in summer whom no one seems to know anything about. When last spring some workmen, while moving a pile of lumber on a North River pier, found under the last plank the body of a little lad crushed to death, no one had missed a boy, though his parents afterward turned up. The truant officer assuredly does not know, though he spends his life trying to find out, somewhat illogically, perhaps, since the department that employs him admits that thousands of poor children are crowded out of the schools year by year for want of room....
Questions to Answer: 1.) Explain some of the conditions described in this excerpt from How the Other Half Lives.
Some of the conditions described in this excerpt are
2.) What point do you think Riis was trying to make when he chose the title for his book?
Riis chose the title for his book to make the point that
3.) Why did the poor agree to live in such conditions?
The poor agreed to live in such conditions because
4.) Why did city government officials allow these conditions to continue?
City government officials allow these conditions to continue because
5.) Do similar conditions exist today? Why or why not?
(Yes or No) ______, because
Yes/No Strategy
Name: _________________ Hour: ______
Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives
Introduction The rapid growth of industrialization in the United States of the 1880s created an intense need for labor. The flood of tens of thousands of people— of them immigrants— northeastern cities created a housing problem of major proportions. Landlords, rushing to realize quick profits, persisted in subdividing their apartments into ever smaller units, forcing the poor into increasingly overcrowded living conditions.
In the late 1880s, Jacob Riis, himself a Danish immigrant, began writing articles for the New York Sun that described the realities of life in New York City's slums. Riis was one of the first reporters to use flash photography, allowing him to take candid photos of living conditions among the urban poor. In 1890, he published How the Other Half Lives, illustrated with line drawings based on his photographs. Riis's work helped spark a new approach to reporting called "muckraking" that eventually led to the Progressive Era reform movements to improve these conditions. Here is an excerpt from Riis's book.
How the Other Half Lives The twenty-five cent lodging-house keeps up the pretence of a bedroom, though the head-high partition enclosing a space just large enough to hold a cot and a chair and allow the man room to pull off his clothes is the shallowest of all pretences. The fifteen-cent bed stands boldly forth without screen in a room full of bunks with sheets as yellow and blankets as foul. At the ten-cent level the locker for the sleeper's clothes disappears. There is no longer need of it. The tramp limit is reached, and there is nothing to lock up save, on general principles, the lodger. Usually the ten- and seven-cent lodgings are different grades of the same abomination. Some sort of an apology for a bed, with mattress and blanket, represents the aristocratic purchase of the tramp who, by a lucky stroke of beggary, has exchanged the chance of an empty box or ash-barrel for shelter on the quality floor of one of these "hotels." A strip of canvas, strung between rough timbers, without covering of any kind, does for the couch of the seven-cent lodger who prefers the questionable comfort of a red-hot stove close to his elbow to the revelry of the stale-beer dive. It is not the most secure perch in the world. Uneasy sleepers roll off at intervals, but they have not far to fall to the next tier of bunks, and the commotion that ensues is speedily quieted by the boss and his club. On cold winter nights, when every bunk had its tenant, I have stood in such a lodging-room more than once, and listening to the snoring of the sleepers like the regular strokes of an engine, and the slow creaking of the beams under their restless weight, imagined myself on shipboard and experienced the very real nausea of sea-sickness. The one thing that did not favor the deception was the air; its character could not be mistaken.
The proprietor of one of these seven-cent houses was known to me as a man of reputed wealth and respectability. He "ran" three such establishments and made, it was said, $8,000 a year clear profit on his investment. He lived in a handsome house quite near to the stylish precincts of Murray Hill, where the nature of his occupation was not suspected. A notice that was posted on the wall of the lodgers' room suggested at least an effort to maintain his up-town standing in the slums. It read: "No swearing or loud talking after nine o'clock." Before nine no exceptions were taken to the natural vulgarity of the place; but that was the limit.
There are no licensed lodging-houses known to me which charge less than seven cents for even such a bed as this canvas strip, though there are unlicensed ones enough where one may sleep on the floor for five cents a spot, or squat in a sheltered hallway for three. The police station lodging-house, where the soft side of a plank is the regulation couch, is next in order. The manner in which this police bed is "made up" is interesting in its simplicity. The loose planks that make the platform are simply turned over, and the job is done, with an occasional coat of whitewash thrown in to sweeten things. I know of only one easier way, but, so far as I am informed, it has never been introduced in this country. It used to be practised, if report spoke truly, in certain old-country towns. The "bed" was represented by clothes-line stretched across the room upon which the sleepers hung by the arm-pits for a penny a night. In the morning the boss woke them up by simply untying the line at one end and letting it go with its load; a labor-saving device certainly, and highly successful in attaining the desired end....
... If the tenement is here continually dragged into the eye of public condemnation and scorn, it is because in one way or another it is found directly responsible for, or intimately associated with, three-fourths of the miseries of the poor. In the Bohemian quarter it is made the vehicle for enforcing upon a proud race a slavery as real as any that ever disgraced the South. Not content with simply robbing the tenant, the owner, in the dual capacity of landlord and employer, reduces him to virtual serfdom by making him become his tenant, on such terms as he sees fit to make, the condition of employment at wages likewise of his own making. It does not help the case that this landlord employer, almost always a Jew, is frequently of the thrifty Polish race just described.... ... Probably more than half of all the Bohemians in this city are cigarmakers, and it is the herding of these in great numbers in the so- called tenement factories, where the cheapest grade of work is done at the lowest wages, that constitutes at once their greatest hardship and the chief grudge of other workmen against them....
